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Objectives: Athlete0́9s nutritional habits and knowledge can directly affect their performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the nutritional habits and knowledge of the Division I collegiate football player. Methods: The participants of this study are male Division I college football players at Utah State University. The athletes included 45 players ranging from 18-26 and include freshman through seniors. Results: Over eighty six percent of the athletes were unaware that a nutritionist was readily available to them. Sixty percent of the athletes were interested in meeting with the nutritionist. Forty percent of the athletes ate at a fast-food restaurant daily while 31.5% ate at these restaurants three to five days a week. Fifty one percent of the athletes answered 0́−yes0́+ to trying to 0́−gain weight0́+ while 40% answered 0́−no0́+. Over forty six percent of the athletes rely on 0́−strength coaches0́+ for guidance and 25.5% for teammates &/or friends & family. Conclusion: Continued research on dietary interventions would be helpful to determine the ideal way to improve nutrition knowledge on an individual and team basis. Given the proper guidance, the team would be able to see the benefits of proper nutrition and dietary habits both on and off the field.
Due to nutrition-related knowledge misconceptions, undesirable dietary choices, and risks of developing obesity-related chronic diseases, nutrition intervention is strongly recommended for collegiate football players. For the present study, nine players completed the protocol as designed while three were self-selected controls. Nutrition knowledge was evaluated at baseline and at the end of the study. Food intake was analyzed over 3-weeks during three study periods: baseline (2 days) which consisted of observation only, nutrition education (1 day) which consisted of a 1-hour guided discussion, and combination treatment (2 days) which consisted of continued nutrition education at the training table along with the addition of fresh fruit and 1% chocolate milk to the training table menu. All subjects had access to the same meals, but the control group did not receive any nutrition education. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to anaylze differences in knowledge and food intake. Results indicated that the nutrition education intervention significantly increased nutrition knowledge in the intervention group (p=0.018). Similarly, combination treatment significantly increased intake of fresh fruit and 1% chocolate milk in the intervention group only (p=0.008). Therefore, the training table may be a viable and an inexpensive avenue for improving the nutrition knowledge and diet quality of athletes.
Given the physical and physiological nature of football, one can understand the importance of nutrition as a tool to maximize performance. The purpose of this study was to determine whether football players' dietary intake differs from recommended values, and whether the degree of deviation can be predicted by nutrition knowledge. Utah State University football players were used in the study. All participants were interviewed using 24-hr dietary recall and given a nutrition knowledge test. Results of this study revealed that the participants' dietary intake was significantly different from recommended values. Nutrition knowledge did not significantly predict dietary behavior, even when coupled with other possible predictor variables. This study suggests that the sample of football players used in this study do not follow dietary recommendations. In addition, there may be other variables that better predict dietary behavior.
The purpose of this study was to identify how collegiate football players respond to education regarding the health risks of excessive weight gain. Football players from a small, private, Midwestern NCAA Division III university were recruited for this study. Participants were asked to complete a general health survey and a three-day food journal prior to attending the health risks education session. However, of the nine participants who agreed to participate, none attended the education meeting. Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model was used to identify the attitudes and behaviors of collegiate football players and to deductively infer the reasons why they may not want to participate in a study that focuses on changing dietary habits. Lack of positive peer pressure and the timing of the study were believed to have been the biggest barriers for participation. Educating coaches, rather than players, ,may be an alternative option to reduce the health risks associated with excessive weight gain because coaches can disseminate information regarding healthy behaviors to future players and recognize that their excessive weight goals put their players at risk for future health problems. -- Abstract
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This study exam ined body weight, dietary intake, and physical activity levels of recent college graduates. A questionnaire was m ailed to random ly selected graduates from eight M id-Am erican Conference universities who com pleted their degrees betw een the years of 1990 and 1994. Participants included 219 form er football players and 173 non-athlete graduates. Com parisons were made among non-athlete graduates and two groups of form er football players: Those who played skilled positions (n=78) and weighed less than 100 kg. and the non-skilled positions (n=141) who weighed more than 100 kg. Change in body weight since graduation did not vary significantly over time but did vary by group. Non-athlete graduates had a mean weight gain of 3.1 ±5.6 kg. Non-skilled position football players had a weight loss of -7.2 ±10.6 kg, which was significantly greater than the skilled position loss of -1.5 ± 9 .6 kg. Energy and nutrient intakes were determ ined via a food frequency questionnaire. The mean energy intake was 2,488 ±9 14 kcal. which was not significantly different among the three groups. Intakes of macro and micronutrients re sim ilar for the three groups. Overall intakes of fat, saturated fat and cholesterol exceeded current dietary recom m endations for health prom otion and disease prevention. Intake of M agnesium was below recom m ended intake level for 74% of study sample, followed by Calcium (59%), Zinc (33%), Vitamin E (27%) and Vitamin A (20%). The Baecke Habitual Physical Activity questionnaire assessed physical activity in work, leisure, and sport. The three different groups did not differ in score for work and leisure indices. However, both non-skilled and skilled football positions reported significantly higher levels of sport physical activity and therefore energy expenditure. This difference suggests a pivotal role for post-graduate organized sports in the explanation of weight change since graduation for football players and non-football players.
Adequate nutrition is vital for the health, wellness, and performance of college athletes1,2. Previous literature suggests that college athletes have poor dietary practices3-8. A possible explanation for this is lack of nutrition knowledge. Previous knowledge surveys used have limitations that make them inappropriate for use in this population. In order to assess the nutrition knowledge of college athletes reliably, a new tool must be developed that has characteristics that promote the athletes to respond in completion, and practitioners must believe in its usefulness and practicality. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation was to examine the relationship between sport nutrition knowledge and dietary habits of college athletes through the development and validation of a sport nutrition knowledge assessment tool made specifically for this population. Three studies were conducted. The first was a nutrition knowledge assessment in college athletes (n=125) using a tool previously validated in the general population9. The average score was 58%, with females (average 67%) and athletes of non-revenue sports (i.e., sports other than football, basketball, or ice hockey; average 70%) scoring significantly better than males (average 46%) or athletes of revenue sports (average 46%), respectively. In general, the athletes had poor nutrition knowledge.The second study was the development and validation of the 25-question Sport Nutrition Assessment of Knowledge (SNAK) screener. First, the SNAK was developed using position stands and reviews on nutrition for sport in conjunction with feedback from experts. Next, a sample of college athletes and dietetic students (n=116 total) completed the SNAK. Results showed high knowledge scores (average 88%), which suggests that either the pilot version may have been too easy, or the athletes truly have high knowledge. A revised, 22-question SNAK was then developed based on statistical and qualitative feedback. The third study was a deeper investigation into the dietary habits of college athletes (n=94). This was done using the Automated Self-Administered 24-hour (ASA24) Dietary Assessment Tool10 and analyzed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)11. Results showed an average score of 59 out of 100 possible for diet quality, which is equivalent to a grade of F based on the recommended grading scheme12. In general, the athletes displayed poor diet quality. Overall, this dissertation indicates that having high nutrition knowledge does not lead to high diet quality in college athletes. Future research should be done to investigate the barriers between knowledge and behavior, as well as the best intervention strategies to improve diet quality in this specific population.
The newest edition of this classic reference has been thoroughly re-designed to deliver the essential information health and fitness professionals need in order to work with athletes of all ages and proficiency levels. Topics are represented in four sections: Sports Nutrition Basics, Screening and Assessment, Sports Nutrition Across the Life Cycle and Sport Specific Guidelines. The "At-A-Glance" feature provides sport-specific information for 18 sports.