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The EU has a long history of directives concerned with confiscating proceeds of crime. Post-conviction confiscation, as the term implies, requires a criminal conviction before confiscation can occur. In this regard, such confiscation is unproblematic (though there are separate practical difficulties). More controversial, however, is the use of non-conviction-based confiscation (NCBC), whereby property can be confiscated absent criminal conviction and on the civil standard of proof. While NCBC has been adopted in some EU countries (notably Italy, Ireland, and the UK) and has withstood constitutional challenge, there has been resistance to adoption of an EU Directive on NCBC. This chapter will examine different NCBC models and EU developments and proposals, including Directive 2014/42/EU (where an initial draft included NCBC, but this was ultimately dropped in the final version) and Regulation Regulation 2018/1805 (with different types of confiscation), before questioning the effectiveness of the non conviction based confiscation approach.
The fight against dirty money is not a new topic, nor a recent problem. It has existed within international and national agendas since the 1980s. Nonetheless, the evolving complexity of criminal skills and networks; the increasingly global dimension of crime; the financial crisis; and the alleged unsatisfactory results of the efforts hitherto undertaken cause us to re-pose and re-discuss some questions. This book addresses several issues concerning the reasons, objectives and scope of national and supranational strategies targeting criminal money, as well as the concrete modalities to overcome its obstacles. The main objective is to explore where the EU stands and where it ought to go, providing useful input for policy-makers and further research. Nevertheless, the problems are not limited to the EU area, and assets – particularly money – cross EU borders much more easily than people do. The reflections developed in the chapters, therefore, aim at going beyond these EU borders. The book is divided into two parts. The first one focuses on the core of asset recovery policies, namely confiscation or forfeiture laws, and explores in particular some issues concerning the respect of fundamental rights. The second part addresses other problematic aspects related to the asset recovery process, such as the return of assets to victim countries, the cross-border investigations on dirty money, and the social use of confiscated assets.
This book is a first-of-its-kind, practice-based guide of 36 key concepts?legal, operational, and practical--that countries can use to develop non-conviction based (NCB) forfeiture legislation that will be effective in combating the development problem of corruption and recovering stolen assets.
Based on the expertise of thirty leading experts on confiscation in the EU, this is the first book to analyse the practice of proceeds from crime confiscation in the original fifteen EU Member States. It examines the implementation of confiscation provisions in all three (investigative, judicial and disposal) phases of confiscation proceedings. It quantifies the enforcement of confiscation provisions in the EU, using an innovative and unique methodology and thereby furnishes understanding of obstacles and best practices. The conclusion of the book is that the ‘tough on criminal wealth’ philosophy is largely alien to the everyday practice of law enforcement agencies. Putting criminals behind bars is still the main aim of the system, and most of the scarce resources available are devoted to achieving this. This title is of interest to academics and students in the fields of criminology, sociology, and law, as well as to law enforcement officers, public prosecutors, and policymakers.
This book offers an in-depth analysis of the concept of the direct enforcement of foreign restraint and confiscation orders, a crucial step in the process of asset recovery, including existing legal approaches and related challenges. In order to provide a balanced and informed overview, 31 jurisdictions, representing different United Nations regional groups and legal systems (civil law / common law / mixed systems), were selected as the focus of the analysis. This approach provides a meaningful picture of the situation worldwide from which generally applicable guidance could be drawn. The study suggests a series of practical steps and good practices for consideration by (1) countries exploring the possibility of introducing a direct enforcement mechanism into their domestic legal frameworks and (2) countries that are already in a position to directly enforce foreign confi scation orders but that are considering options to streamline processes and maximize results obtainable via direct enforcement approaches. This new StAR Initiative knowledge product is addressed to a broad range of law enforcement, justice, and asset recovery practitioners, as well as bodies involved in legislative and regulatory processes. It will be a useful tool in their work.
Scientific Study from the year 2021 in the subject Law - Comparative Legal Systems, Comparative Law, grade: PHD, , language: English, abstract: This work seeks to give insights into some very important issues that aim to give light to open legal discussions and above all the role of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the evolution of Union criminal law. In particular, the influence of CJEU as an inter partes court continues with another research, which is inspired and aims to analyze the limitations, derogations, and proposals affixed to the right of personal's data protection in the light of recent legislative and jurisprudential developments, made especially in the legislative context of EU and European Council. The work continues and focuses on the jurisprudential analysis of some fundamental principles that reign in every national penal system in relation to EU system. It continues with an examination of a limited profile that is seen to be faced with a fundamental principle, the right to freely express one's thoughts, defined as the cornerstone of the democratic order, with new forms of aggression and new forms of protection, both capable, in the absence of a careful balance, to compress the fundamental freedoms of the citizen. It continues with the choice to anticipate the presentation of three cases actually subject to scrutiny by the judicial courts from the technical-legal viewpoint is dictated by the fact that from their reading it emerges which are the most significant problems with regard to ascertaining responsibility for sexual crimes. Another paper is concentrated on the analysis of the civil forfeiture; is a judicial non-conviction-based confiscation, independent of the criminal proceedings and a conviction that is applied by a judge to the outcome of a judicial procedure of essentially civil nature. The autors continue their research with another paper who tries to investigate and analyze new crimes such as sexting, cyberbullying and bulling in a comparative way. Cyberbulism is in fact a term which includes a vast range of different behaviors, which many times do not cover criminal figures punishable by any criminal code at national or international level. The last work seeks to examine a last case that has dealt with the ICJ recently, particularly the situation between Gambia v. Myanmar.
Development efforts will remain frustrated so long as corrupt leaders continue to steal their countries' wealth and dispose of these ill-gotten gains in foreign jurisdictions. The prevention of such looting, and the recovery of the stolen assets are thus critical development issues and a cornerstone of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (2003) (UNCAC). However, to date experience with asset recovery is limited, and a number of legal and other obstacles continue to impede progress. This is the first comprehensive work on asset recovery, written by renowned practitioners and academics representing different legal systems and countries, all of whom have extensive experience in the asset recovery field. The authors notably discuss the 'success stories' of the past (the recovery of the assets of Sani Abacha, Ferdinand Marcos and Vladimiro Montesinos) and the concrete challenges for the future with regard to search, seizure, confiscation and repatriation of stolen assets. The book also provides perspectives on the role of technical assistance and donors in asset recovery and the likely impact of the UNCAC.
Developing countries lose billions each year through bribery, misappropriation of funds, and other corrupt practices. Much of the proceeds of this corruption find 'safe haven' in the world's financial centers. These criminal flows are a drain on social services and economic development programs, contributing to the impoverishment of the world's poorest countries. Many developing countries have already sought to recover stolen assets. A number of successful high-profile cases with creative international cooperation has demonstrated that asset recovery is possible. However, it is highly complex, involving coordination and collaboration with domestic agencies and ministries in multiple jurisdictions, as well as the capacity to trace and secure assets and pursue various legal options—whether criminal confiscation, non-conviction based confiscation, civil actions, or other alternatives. This process can be overwhelming for even the most experienced practitioners. It is exceptionally difficult for those working in the context of failed states, widespread corruption, or limited resources. With this in mind, the Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Initiative has developed and updated this Asset Recovery Handbook: A Guide for Practitioners to assist those grappling with the strategic, organizational, investigative, and legal challenges of recovering stolen assets. A practitioner-led project, the Handbook provides common approaches to recovering stolen assets located in foreign jurisdictions, identifies the challenges that practitioners are likely to encounter, and introduces good practices. It includes examples of tools that can be used by practitioners, such as sample intelligence reports, applications for court orders, and mutual legal assistance requests. StAR—the Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative—is a partnership between the World Bank Group and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime that supports international efforts to end safe havens for corrupt funds. StAR works with developing countries and financial centers to prevent the laundering of the proceeds of corruption and to facilitate more systematic and timely return of stolen assets.
This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the measure of extended confiscation as an instrument of criminal policy. National and international regimes on confiscation are viewed from a multi-faceted perspective, and the main focus is the framework of the European Union. The book begins by examining extended confiscation from the national perspective, presenting the substantive criteria for this power of confiscation. It focuses on three main jurisdictions : England and Wales, Germany and Sweden ; and explores how domestic legislation is drafted and applied in their differing models. A key point of the analysis focuses on Directive 2014/42/EU on the Freezing and Confiscation of Instrumentalities and Proceeds of Crime in the European Union, which aims at harmonising the national powers of confiscation. This book explores whether such measures really lead to more efficiency, or if other reforms may be more effective. An overriding issue is whether increased powers of extended confiscation strike the right balance between the interest of law enforcement and the protection of human rights. The second part of the book deals with the international perspective. The notion of extended confiscation is set in the broader context of transnational cooperation regarding the confiscation of assets.