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During the past three decades there has been a large amount of research on biological nitrogen fixation, in part stimulated by increasing world prices of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and environmental concerns. In the last several years, research on plant--microbe interactions, and symbiotic and asymbiotic nitrogen fixation has become truly interdisciplinary in nature, stimulated to some degree by the use of modern genetic techniques. These methodologies have allowed us to make detailed analyses of plant and bacterial genes involved in symbiotic processes and to follow the growth and persistence of the root-nodule bacteria and free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soils. Through the efforts of a large number of researchers we now have a better understanding of the ecology of rhizobia, environmental parameters affecting the infection and nodulation process, the nature of specificity, the biochemistry of host plants and microsymbionts, and chemical signalling between symbiotic partners. This volume gives a summary of current research efforts and knowledge in the field of biological nitrogen fixation. Since the research field is diverse in nature, this book presents a collection of papers in the major research area of physiology and metabolism, genetics, evolution, taxonomy, ecology, and international programs.
Rhizobium-legume interactions. Genesis of root nodules and the of host genes. Developmental aspects of the rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Host genetics of the nodulation phenotype. Hormones and nodule formation: cytokinin induction of the Sesbania rostrata early nodulin Enod2. Regul?ation of nodulation genes. Oligosaccharins - oligosaccharides with regulatory functions. The lipo-oligosaccharidic nodulation signals of Rhizobium meliloti. Role of exopolysaccharides in nodulation. Bacterial entry into roots. Nonlegume N2-fixing asociations. Symbiosis with frankia. Exploring new soil bacteria. Rhizobium nodulation of nonlegumes. Nodulation genes and biosynthesis of inodule acetic acid (IAA) in Azospirillum brasilense. Ammonium excretion by NilflL mutants of Azotobacter vinelandii. Genetics of associative nitrogen fixation in wheat. Potential for development of novel N2-fixing associations. Potential andlimitations of developing new plant-microbe interactions. Application of present knowledge on rhizobial host specificity to obtain efficientnodulation and nitrogen fixation of rice. Genetic transformation of rice and molecular basic of agroinfection. Nitrogen fixation in para-nodulated wheat. Invasion of nonlegume plants by diazotrophic bacteria. Development of nodulelike structure on rice roots.
Biological nitrogen fixation in tropical agrosystems: twenty years of biological nitrogen fixation research in Africa; Sustainable agriculture: definition and measurement; Biological nitrogen fixation systems in tropical ecosystems: an overview; A protocol for screening legumes as soil-improving crops; The sustenance of tropical agriculture with multipurpose azolla; Facteurs pedoclimatiques limitant la lixation biologique l'azole; Response of some tropical nitrogen-fixing woody legumes to drought and inoculation with mycorrhiza; Improvement to the Phaseolus/Rhizobium symbiosis, with particular reference to the Caribbean region; Effect of pest management systems on biological nitrogen fixation; Agronomic evaluation of a rock phosphate as a phosphorus source for Leucaena leucocephala grown on an utisol; Nodulation of soybean grown under field conditions and inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains; Effect of fertilization and Rhizobium inoculation on the growth of Leucaena and Gliricidia on an alfisol in south-western Nigeria; Early growth and nodulation in Leucaena and Gliricidia and the effects or pruning on biomass productivity; Comparative stude on the growth and productivity of Sesbania and Leucaena in the Central Plateau region, Rwanda; Supernoculation and non-nodulation mutants of soybean; Genetically improved rhizobia and their use in agriculture; Sustainability of nitrogen-fixing cropping systems: Nodulation and nitrogen fixation and transfer in a cowpea/rice cropping system; The role of legumes in sustaiing soil productivity and controlling soil erosion; Fitting soil-improving legumes into inland valley rice-baes cropping systems in West Africa; Herbage yield and soil fertility restoration potential of some tropical forage legumes.
Biological nitrogen fixation has essential role in N cycle in global ecosystem. Several types of nitrogen fixing bacteria are recognized: the free-living bacteria in soil or water; symbiotic bacteria making root nodules in legumes or non-legumes; associative nitrogen fixing bacteria that resides outside the plant roots and provides fixed nitrogen to the plants; endophytic nitrogen fixing bacteria living in the roots, stems and leaves of plants. In this book there are 11 chapters related to biological nitrogen fixation, regulation of legume-rhizobium symbiosis, and agriculture and ecology of biological nitrogen fixation, including new models for autoregulation of nodulation in legumes, endophytic nitrogen fixation in sugarcane or forest trees, etc. Hopefully, this book will contribute to biological, ecological, and agricultural sciences.
This volume is written with the objective of covering the basic issues in biological nitrogen fixation such as: the physiology, biochemistry and molecular genetics of nitrogen fixation; and the role of signal molecules and host gene expression in nodulation and nitrogen fixation. The book also details recent developments in biofertilizer technology, such as: the immobilization of cyanobacteria; endophytic nitrogen fixation; and solubilization and mobilization of nutrients by phosphobacteria and VA mycorrhiza and their role as bioinoculants.
Azospirillum is a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium used for inoculation of cereal and forage crops. The book covers its physiology, ecology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. The most advanced molecular techniques to understand the regulatory mechanisms of nitrogen fixation and ammonia assimilation, as well as the basis of phytohormone production, are included. In particular, the identification of novel types of promoters, specific regulatory circuits, and new regulatory proteins is described. New insights in the plant growth promoting role of the bacteria through the analysis of their interactions with the plant are presented. Also discussed are field applications, allowing the evaluation of the physiological and agronomic involvement of Azospirillum inoculations.
Proceedings of the Second Working Group Meeting of the Frontier Project on Nitrogen Fixation in Rice held in Faisalabad, Pakistan, 13-15 October 1996
This book features the latest research advances made in developing nitrogen-fixing rice.
Long-awaited second edition of classic textbook, brought completely up to date, for courses on tropical soils, and reference for scientists and professionals.
Section A: Nitrogenase biochemistry and chemical models; Section B: plant-microbe interactions; Section C: Limiting factors i nitrogen fixation; Section D: Nitrogen fixation and the environment; Section E: Bacterial systems; Section F: Nitrogen fixation in agricultural and industry; Section G: Plant function; Section H: Nitrogen fixation and evolution; Section I: Summing up the congress.