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This annotated list arranges the 3693 species of Noctuoidea known from North America into six families (Doidae, Notodontidae, Erebidae, Euteliidae, Nolidae, Noctuidae) and further arranges these into subfamilies, tribes, and subtribes, based on the most recent phylogenetic information. All changes from the previous list in 1983 are documented in 716 taxonomic notes and 331 literature references. These changes include documentation for 367 new species that have been described since the 1983 list, 230 species added through new records or taxonomic changes, and 259 species that are removed or synonymized. A total of 166 taxonomic changes are proposed in the list.
The first list to cover the entire European fauna of butterflies and moths since the famous Staudinger-Rebel Catalogue which was published as long ago as in 1901. A large number of European specialists have been working on the family/subfamily treatments, and the list has been checked by leading experts in the national faunas. The higher classification used in the checklist is in accordance with the most recent research as presented in the treatment of Lepidoptera in the series Handbook of Zoology. Hopefully the list will lead to uniformity in the systematics and nomenclature used in European lepidopterology. Besides being a checklist, The Lepidoptera of Europe also indicates in table form, in which of the European countries each species has been recorded. The occurrence is indicated for the following countries/regions: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Corsica, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily, the European part of the former Soviet Union (apart from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the European part of Turkey, and the former Yugoslavia. As the checklist has been under preparation since the mid 1980's, some of the recent changes of the European borders could not be taken into account. The Lepidoptera of Europe contains more than 8,300 species known to occur in Europe and the distributional tables have approximately 74,000 records. The Lepidoptera of Europe will be an indispensable tool for anyone working with the European fauna of any group of Lepidoptera. The book is published in a limited edition of only 800 copies.
The United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, spawned a multitude of pro grammes aimed at assessing, managing and conserving the earth's biological diversity. One important issue addressed at the conference was the mountain environment. A specific feature of high mountains is the so-called alpine zone, i. e. the treeless regions at the uppermost reaches. Though covering only a very small proportion of the land surface, the alpine zone contains a rela tively large number of plants, animals, fungi and microbes which are specifi cally adapted to cold environments. This zone contributes fundamentally to the planet's biodiversity and provides many resources for mountain dwelling as well as lowland people. However, rapid and largely man-made changes are affecting mountain ecosystems, such as soil erosion, losses of habitat and genetic diversity, and climate change, all of which have to be addressed. As stated in the European Community Biodiversity Strategy, "the global scale of biodiversity reduction or losses and the interdependence of different species and ecosystems across national borders demands concerted international action". Managing biodiversity in a rational and sustainable way needs basic knowledge on its qualitative and quantitative aspects at local, regional and global scales. This is particularly true for mountains, which are distributed throughout the world and are indeed hot spots of biodiversity in absolute terms as well as relative to the surrounding lowlands.