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Abstract: The success of education and training depends on choosing appropriate problems and identifying the best solutions, and needs assessment is a tool that can achieve both. Discussion of the usefulness of needs assessment is followed by an outline of planning, the systems approach to planning, and how needs assessment relates to each. The 6 modes of needs assessment, and the relationship of inputs, processes, products, outputs, and outcomes to each type are presented. The application of these principles to school systems and curriculum development are then detailed. Two school case studies, consensual determining techniques, project and staff development, and noneducational contexts are presented.
In the current technological world, Web services play an integral role in service computing and social networking services. This is also the case in the traditional FREG (foods, resources, energy, and goods) services because almost all traditional services are replaced fully or partially by Web services. Handbook of Research on Demand-Driven Web Services: Theory, Technologies, and Applications presents comprehensive and in-depth studies that reveal the cutting-edge theories, technologies, methodologies, and applications of demand-driven Web, mobile, and e-business services. This book provides critical perspectives for researchers and practitioners, lecturers and undergraduate/graduate students, and professionals in the fields of computing, business, service, management, and government, as well as a variety of readers from all the social strata.
Science, engineering, and technology permeate nearly every facet of modern life and hold the key to solving many of humanity's most pressing current and future challenges. The United States' position in the global economy is declining, in part because U.S. workers lack fundamental knowledge in these fields. To address the critical issues of U.S. competitiveness and to better prepare the workforce, A Framework for K-12 Science Education proposes a new approach to K-12 science education that will capture students' interest and provide them with the necessary foundational knowledge in the field. A Framework for K-12 Science Education outlines a broad set of expectations for students in science and engineering in grades K-12. These expectations will inform the development of new standards for K-12 science education and, subsequently, revisions to curriculum, instruction, assessment, and professional development for educators. This book identifies three dimensions that convey the core ideas and practices around which science and engineering education in these grades should be built. These three dimensions are: crosscutting concepts that unify the study of science through their common application across science and engineering; scientific and engineering practices; and disciplinary core ideas in the physical sciences, life sciences, and earth and space sciences and for engineering, technology, and the applications of science. The overarching goal is for all high school graduates to have sufficient knowledge of science and engineering to engage in public discussions on science-related issues, be careful consumers of scientific and technical information, and enter the careers of their choice. A Framework for K-12 Science Education is the first step in a process that can inform state-level decisions and achieve a research-grounded basis for improving science instruction and learning across the country. The book will guide standards developers, teachers, curriculum designers, assessment developers, state and district science administrators, and educators who teach science in informal environments.
In the age of the Internet of Things and social media platforms, huge amounts of digital data are generated by and collected from many sources, including sensors, mobile devices, wearable trackers and security cameras. These data, commonly referred to as big data, are challenging current storage, processing and analysis capabilities. New models, languages, systems and algorithms continue to be developed to effectively collect, store, analyze and learn from big data.Programming Big Data Applications introduces and discusses models, programming frameworks and algorithms to process and analyze large amounts of data. In particular, the book provides an in-depth description of the properties and mechanisms of the main programming paradigms for big data analysis, including MapReduce, workflow, BSP, message passing, and SQL-like. Through programming examples it also describes the most used frameworks for big data analysis like Hadoop, Spark, MPI, Hive and Storm. Each of the different systems is discussed and compared, highlighting their main features, their diffusion (both within their community of developers and among users), and their main advantages and disadvantages in implementing big data analysis applications.
Computer Systems Architecture provides IT professionals and students with the necessary understanding of computer hardware. It addresses the ongoing issues related to computer hardware and discusses the solutions supplied by the industry. The book describes trends in computing solutions that led to the current available infrastructures, tracing the initial need for computers to recent concepts such as the Internet of Things. It covers computers’ data representation, explains how computer architecture and its underlying meaning changed over the years, and examines the implementations and performance enhancements of the central processing unit (CPU). It then discusses the organization, hierarchy, and performance considerations of computer memory as applied by the operating system and illustrates how cache memory significantly improves performance. The author proceeds to explore the bus system, algorithms for ensuring data integrity, input and output (I/O) components, methods for performing I/O, various aspects relevant to software engineering, and nonvolatile storage devices, such as hard drives and technologies for enhancing performance and reliability. He also describes virtualization and cloud computing and the emergence of software-based systems’ architectures. Accessible to software engineers and developers as well as students in IT disciplines, this book enhances readers’ understanding of the hardware infrastructure used in software engineering projects. It enables readers to better optimize system usage by focusing on the principles used in hardware systems design and the methods for enhancing performance.
Big Data Application Architecture Pattern Recipes provides an insight into heterogeneous infrastructures, databases, and visualization and analytics tools used for realizing the architectures of big data solutions. Its problem-solution approach helps in selecting the right architecture to solve the problem at hand. In the process of reading through these problems, you will learn harness the power of new big data opportunities which various enterprises use to attain real-time profits. Big Data Application Architecture Pattern Recipes answers one of the most critical questions of this time 'how do you select the best end-to-end architecture to solve your big data problem?'. The book deals with various mission critical problems encountered by solution architects, consultants, and software architects while dealing with the myriad options available for implementing a typical solution, trying to extract insight from huge volumes of data in real–time and across multiple relational and non-relational data types for clients from industries like retail, telecommunication, banking, and insurance. The patterns in this book provide the strong architectural foundation required to launch your next big data application. The architectures for realizing these opportunities are based on relatively less expensive and heterogeneous infrastructures compared to the traditional monolithic and hugely expensive options that exist currently. This book describes and evaluates the benefits of heterogeneity which brings with it multiple options of solving the same problem, evaluation of trade-offs and validation of 'fitness-for-purpose' of the solution.
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR ON-DEMAND MISSION-CRITICAL INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS Discover an insightful and up-to-date treatment of resource management in Internet of Things technology In Resource Management for On-Demand Mission-Critical Internet of Things Applications, an expert team of engineers delivers an insightful analytical perspective on modeling and decision support for mission-critical Internet of Things applications. The authors dissect the complex IoT ecosystem and provide a cross-layer perspective on the design and operation of IoT, especially in the context of smart and connected communities. The book offers an economic perspective on resource management in IoT systems with a particular emphasis on three main areas: spectrum management via reservation, allocation of cloud/fog resources to IoT applications, and resource provisioning to smart city service requests. It leverages theories from dynamic mechanism design, optimal control theory, and spatial point processes, providing an overview of integrated decision-making frameworks. Finally, the authors discuss future directions and relevant problems on the economics of resource management from new perspectives, like security and resilience. Readers will also enjoy the inclusion of: A thorough introduction and overview of IoT applications in smart cities, mission critical IoT services and requirements, and key metrics and research challenges A comprehensive exploration of the allocation of spectrum resources to mission critical IoT applications, including the massive surge of IoT and spectrum scarcity problem Practical discussions of the provisioning of cloud/fog computing resources to IoT applications, including allocation policy In-depth examinations of resource provisioning to spatio-temporal service requests in smart cities Perfect for engineers working on Internet of Things and cyber-physical systems, Resource Management for On-Demand Mission-Critical Internet of Things Applications is also an indispensable reference for graduate students, researchers, and professors with an interest in IoT resource management.
This book analyzes issues surrounding the efficient integration of demand response programs (DRPs) on operation problems in smart grids. The benefits offered by demand response programs (DRPs) for load-serving entities, grid operators, and electricity consumers are explained, including decreased electricity prices and risk management. In-depth chapters discuss the flexibility of market operations, market power mitigation, and environmental benefits—making this a must-have reference for engineers and related practicing professionals working for organizations in the electricity market, including reliability organizations, distribution companies, transmission companies, and electric end-users.
In most IT system development processes, the identification or elicitation of user requirements is recognized as a key building block. In practice, the identification of user needs and wants is a challenge and inadequate or faulty identifications in this step of an IT system development can cause huge problems with the final product. The elicitation of user requirements as such changes according to age groups;, to gender,; to cultural settings,; and into time; and experience in the use of the system/software. User requirements, therefore, cannot be used between projects, IT systems, and different software. That makes the elicitation of user requirements an inherent part of any software development project and a resourceful activity as well. This book provides insights to the process of identifying user requirements and to different types by describing varying case studies in which technologies or software has been developed. A variety of user requirements are provided illustrating the effect of changing the targeted user group with respect to age,; to the context and the different technologies or software as well as to the difference in viewpoint on ways of involving users in the elicitation process. Cases and user requirement elements discussed in the book include: User requirements elicitation processes for children, construction workers, and farmersUser requirements for personalized services of a broadcast companyVariations in user involvementPractical elements of user involvement and requirements elicitationUsable security requirements for design of privacy
Cloud computing-accessing computing resources over the Internet-is rapidly changing the landscape of information technology. Its primary benefits compared to on-premise computing models are reduced costs and increased agility and scalability. Hence, cloud computing is receiving considerable interest among several stakeholders-businesses, the IT ind