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Natural gas is being viewed by many as the fuel of the 1990s and beyond because of its environmental qualities, relatively low cost and significant domestic resource base. However, in the Fall of 1991, a group of electric utility executives met with then Deputy Secretary of Energy Henson Moore and asserted that an inability to obtain long term gas contracts meant that supplies are unreliable and construction of gas-fueled generating stations is being discouraged. This study was requested by the Deputy Secretary to address the issues surrounding long-term gas contracts and supply reliability. The relationship between supply reliability and contracts is explained in terms of the number of buyers and sellers in a market. With the appropriate state regulatory policies, utilities can contract for gas and obtain reliable supplies at competitive market prices. Public utility commissioners are encouraged to permit utilities a free choice in signing gas contracts, but to allow only competitive market prices to be reflected in allowable fuel costs.
This book fills a gap in the existing literature by dealing with several issues linked to long-term contracts and the efficiency of electricity markets. These include the impact of long-term contracts and vertical integration on effective competition, generation investment in risky markets, and the challenges for competition policy principles. On the one hand, long-term contracts may contribute to lasting generation capability by allowing for a more efficient allocation of risk. On the other hand, they can create conditions for imperfect competition and thus impair short-term efficiency. The contributors – prominent academics and policy experts with inter-disciplinary perspectives – develop fresh theoretical and practical insights on this important concern for current electricity markets. This highly accessible book will strongly appeal to both academic and professional audiences including scholars of industrial, organizational and public sector economics, and competition and antitrust law. It will also be of value to regulatory and antitrust authorities, governmental policymakers, and consultants in electricity law and economics.
1-Developing an Energy Purchasing Strategy2-Gas Purchasing: Business, Legal & Contracting Issues3-The Role of the Gas Marketer4-Selecting a Gas Marketer to Deliver Transportation Gas5-Avoiding Common Pitfalls in Gas Contracts6-Gas Futures, Swaps and Options7-Retail Energy Contracts: Choices for Customers8-Natural Gas Purchasing as a Strategic Input9-Natural Gas Purchasing Options10-Fuel Management in the Real World11-Fuel Savings via Gas Supply Aggregation12-Benefits of Effective Fuel Management13-Fuels Utilization for Cost-Effective Energy Management14-Managing Your Facility's Energy Needs in Competitive Energy Markets15-Background: FERC Orders 636, 636-A, and 636-B16-The Hidden Costs of Doing Business Under Order 63617-Order 636: The Next Stage of Implementation18-Spot Market Natural Gas Reliability19-Understanding & Using New LDC Supply Options20-How a Local Natural Gas Distributor Helped an Institutional Cogenerator21-Brooklyn Union Gas Company's Competitive Power Systems Program22-The Gas Industry Standards Board: Organizing the Marketplace for Natural Gas23-Gas Reduction Strategies to Benefit the Environment24-Gas Cooling Engine Emissions: Meeting the Clean Air Act25-Meeting CFC Phase-Out Requirements with Gas Cooling26-The Environmental Benefits of Natural Gas Powered Fuel CellsIndex
This highly unique book focuses on market design issues common to most EU gas markets, particularly in the context of closer integration. It explores in detail the characteristics and requirements of national gas markets in Europe, which are constructed as virtual hubs based on entry/exit schemes as a requirement of European law. The expert contributors analyse gas supply and demand patterns in the EU, showing that both have changed following the introduction of liquefied natural gas on the supply side and the growth of gas-fired power plants on the demand side. The repeated interactions between the transmission operators activity and the gas commodity markets are addressed, as is the design of commercial networks in EU markets. The contributors also question whether the relationship between commercial and physical networks, in terms of the new flexibility requirements of users, actually works. By way of conclusion, two proposals for the EU gas target model are presented, both of which tackle the fundamental issues raised in this book, as well as the organization of short-term transactions and the mechanisms for investment in vital new long-life infrastructure needed to integrate EU markets. This volume will be of great interest to practitioners, as well as academics, researchers and students in the fields of energy economics and industrial economics. Both European and non-European energy companies and regulatory authorities looking for an independent and analytical overview of European gas markets will also find this book to be a highly valuable resource.
This study concentrates on the economic reasons for regulation, stating the characteristics of price formation--monoploy price formation and competitive and monopsony price formation--in order to see which corresponds most closely to actul price formation.
Natural gas markets have undergone momentous changes, worldwide. This book updates and expands on the dynamics, performance and forward path of expanding natural gas use in the US and worldwide, including international trade. It brings together major research themes and findings with recent updates and analysis of new trends and developments. It also explores many considerations for natural gas market development, such as the importance of infrastructure, transparent pricing, and institutional capacity. This book is unique in providing background on the full natural gas value chain as well as information and analysis that can foster scenario-building and decision-making. Of particular value are the lessons learned and demonstrated for those countries that aspire to build effective natural gas markets and to expand natural gas development and use.