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This is the first complete edited volume devoted to providing comprehensive and state-of-the art descriptions of science principles and pilot- and field-scaled engineering applications of nanoscale zerovalent iron particles (NZVI) for soil and groundwater remediation. Although several books on environmental nanotechnology contain chapters of NZVI for environmental remediation (Wiesner and Bottero (2007); Geiger and Carvalho-Knighton (2009); Diallo et al. (2009); Ram et al. (2011)), none of them include a comprehensive treatment of the fundamental and applied aspects of NZVI applications. Most devote a chapter or two discussing a contemporary aspect of NZVI. In addition, environmental nanotechnology has a broad audience including environmental engineers and scientists, geochemists, material scientists, physicists, chemists, biologists, ecologists and toxicologists. None of the current books contain enough background material for such multidisciplinary readers, making it difficult for a graduate student or even an experienced researcher or environmental remediation practitioner new to nanotechnology to catch up with the massive, undigested literature. This prohibits the reader from gaining a complete understanding of NZVI science and technology. In this volume, the sixteen chapters are based on more than two decades of laboratory research and development and field-scaled demonstrations of NZVI implementation. The authors of each chapter are leading researchers and/or practitioners in NZVI technology. This book aims to be an important resource for all levels of audiences, i.e. graduate students, experienced environmental and nanotechnology researchers, and practitioners evaluating environmental remediation, as it is designed to involve everything from basic to advanced concepts.
Nanotechnology has a great potential for providing efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally acceptable solutions to face the increasing requirements on quality and quantity of fresh water for industrial, agricultural, or human use. Iron nanomaterials, either zerovalent iron (nZVI) or iron oxides (nFeOx), present key physicochemical properties that make them particularly attractive as contaminant removal agents for water and soil cleaning. The large surface area of these nanoparticles imparts high sorption capacity to them, along with the ability to be functionalized for the enhancement of their affinity and selectivity. However, one of the most important properties is the outstanding capacity to act as redox-active materials, transforming the pollutants to less noxious chemical species by either oxidation or reduction, such as reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and dehalogenation of hydrocarbons. This book focuses on the methods of preparation of iron nanomaterials that can carry out contaminant removal processes and the use of these nanoparticles for cleaning waters and soils. It carefully explains the different aspects of the synthesis and characterization of iron nanoparticles and methods to evaluate their ability to remove contaminants, along with practical deployment. It overviews the advantages and disadvantages of using iron-based nanomaterials and presents a vision for the future of this nanotechnology. While this is an easy-to-understand book for beginners, it provides the latest updates to experts of this field. It also opens a multidisciplinary scope for engineers, scientists, and undergraduate and postgraduate students. Although there are a number of books published on the subject of nanomaterials, not too many of them are especially devoted to iron materials, which are rather of low cost, are nontoxic, and can be prepared easily and envisaged to be used in a large variety of applications. The literature has scarce reviews on preparation of iron nanoparticles from natural sources and lacks emphasis on the different processes, such as adsorption, redox pathways, and ionic exchange, taking place in the removal of different pollutants. Reports and mechanisms on soil treatment are not commonly found in the literature. This book opens a multidisciplinary scope for engineers and scientists and also for undergraduate or postgraduate students.
The thesis is comprised of three distinct phases. In the first phase of the research, synthesis of nZVI using fruit waste, namely the mango peel extract was carried out. Then, the role in contaminant remediation of the synthesized nZVI particle was evaluated using environmentally relevant contaminants; i.e. examining the role of the newly synthesized nZVI for catalytic oxidation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in oily sludge contaminated soil and for the reductive removal of aqueous solutions of chromium VI. Due to the dramatic increase in the production and use for environmental remediation, studies lacking the toxicological information of the commercial forms of iron containing nanoparticles to terrestrial organisms had also been carried out. Therefore, phase three is focused on evaluation of the risks of using nZVI for environmental remediation.
We are proposing this comprehensive volume aimed at bridging and bonding of the theory and practical experiences for the elimination of a broad range of pollutants from various types of water and soil utilizing innovative nanotechnologies, biotechnologies and their possible combinations. Nowadays, a broad range of contaminants are emerging from the industry (and also representing old ecological burdens). Accidents and improper wastewater treatment requires a fast, efficient and cost-effective approach. Therefore, several innovative technologies of water and soil treatments have been invented and suggested in a number of published papers. Out of these, some nanotechnologies and biotechnologies (and possibly also their mutual combinations) turned out to be promising for practical utilization – i.e., based on both extensive laboratory testing and pilot-scale verification. With respect to the diverse character of targeted pollutants, the key technologies covered in this book will include oxidation, reduction, sorption and/or biological degradation. In relation to innovative technologies and new emerging pollutants mentioned in this proposed book, an important part will also cover the ecotoxicity of selected pollutants and novel nanomaterials used for remediation. Thus, this work will consist of 8 sections/chapters with a technical appendix as an important part of the book, where some technical details and standardized protocols will be clearly presented for their possible implementation at different contaminated sites. Although many previously published papers and books (or book chapters) are devoted to some aspects of nano-/biotechnologies, here we will bring a first complete and comprehensive treatise on the latest progress in innovative technologies with a clear demonstration of the applicability of particular methods based on results of the authors from pilot tests (i.e., based on the data collected within several applied projects, mainly national project “Environmentally friendly nanotechnologies and biotechnologies in water and soil treatment” of the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic, and 7FP project NANOREM: “Taking Nanotechnological Remediation Processes from Lab Scale to End User Applications for the Restoration of a Clean Environment”). This multidisciplinary book will be suitable for a broad audience including environmental scientists, practitioners, policymakers and toxicologists (and of course graduate students of diverse fields – material science, chemistry, biology, geology, hydrogeology, engineering etc.).
Synthetic methods for the preparation of magnetic nanocomposites with improved high frequency (into the GHz range) performance over conventional magnetic materials were examined. The most successful work involved synthesis of nanocrystalline zero valent iron particles (nc-Fe) through a reverse micelle method. Here, aqueous Fe(II) solution micelles formed using cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in heptane were reacted with aqueous sodium borohydride micelles also using CTAB and heptane. This work was carried out both in a batch reactor and in a T-mixer setup. Particle post-synthesis processing involved vacuum drying followed by high temperature (500°C) annealing of the resultant nanoparticles. This was done to improve the crystallinity of the nanoparticles. Given the highly reactive nature of zero valent Fe, all materials made consisted of mixtures of nc-Fe and Fe oxides (FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4). Additionally, precipitation of NaBr was observed in some samples, which proved difficult to remove without fully oxidizing the desired nc-Fe particles. Since the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles are dependent on the size of coherent crystalline domains in the material, which will be smaller than the size of agglomerated particles in suspension, size characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction analysis using the Scherrer formula. Particle size was controlled by varying the concentration of Fe(II) in the solution used to prepare the reverse micelles, and the concentration of Fe(II) in aqueous solution was varied from 0.5M to 0.05M. XRD results confirmed average particle sizes in the desired sub 25nm range, and indicated size dependence based on the amount of iron used in solution in the case of the T-mixer setup. In the batch reaction process, magnetic filtering of the materials resulted in samples with sizes consistently in the 10-20 nm range. The nanocomposite was then prepared by mixing the resulting powder with either epoxy or KBr matrices, with the use of KBr as a matrix proving to be the simpler approach to making small toroid shaped materials due to the ease of higher pressure casting. Both epoxy and KBr composites yielded similar magnetic results, with typical quality factors of about 100. By comparison, a commercial nanocrystalline nickel ferrite (nc-NiFe2O4) standard had a quality factor of about 10. Likewise, materials based on fully oxidized nc-Fe (nc-Fe3O4) produced magnetic materials with low quality factors. This leads to the conclusion that the nc-Fe materials, even with heavy oxidation, represent a potential avenue for improvement over air core inductors.