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This discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNT) three decades ago ushered in the technological era of nanotechnology. Among the most widely studied areas of CNT research is their use as structural reinforcements in composites. This book describes the development of CNT reinforced metal matrix composites (CNT-MMCs) over the last two decades. The field of CNT-MMCs is abundant in fundamental science, rich in engineering challenges and innovations and ripe for technological maturation and commercialization. The authors have sought to present the current state of the-art in CNT-MMC technology from their synthesis to their myriad potential end-use applications. Specifically, topics explored include: • Advantages, limitations, and evolution of processing techniques used to synthesize and fabricate CNT-MMCs • Emphasizes dispersion techniques of CNTs in metallic systems, a key challenge to the successful and widespread implementation of CNT-MMCs. Methods for quantification and improved control of CNT distributions are presented • Methods for quantification and improved control of CNT distributions are presented • Characterization techniques uniquely suited for charactering these nanoscale materials and their many chemical and physical interactions with the metal matrix, including real-time in-situ characterization of deformation mechanisms • Electron microscope images from premier studies enrich discussions on micro-mechanical modeling, interfacial design, mechanical behavior, and functional properties • A chapter is dedicated to the emergence of dual reinforcement composites that seek to enhance the efficacy of CNTs and lead to material properties by design This book highlights seminal findings in CNT-MMC research and includes several tables listing processing methods, associated CNT states, and resulting properties in order to aid the next generation of researchers in advancing the science and engineering of CNT-MMCs. In addition, a survey of the patent literature is presented in order to shed light on what the first wave of CNT-MMC commercialization may look like and the challenges that will have to be overcome, both technologically and commercially.
The first introductory textbook to explain the properties and performance of practical nanotube devices and related applications.
Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymers: From Nanoscale to Macroscale addresses the advances in nanotechnology that have led to the development of a new class of composite materials known as CNT-reinforced polymers. The low density and high aspect ratio, together with their exceptional mechanical, electrical and thermal properties, render carbon nanotubes as a good reinforcing agent for composites. In addition, these simulation and modeling techniques play a significant role in characterizing their properties and understanding their mechanical behavior, and are thus discussed and demonstrated in this comprehensive book that presents the state-of-the-art research in the field of modeling, characterization and processing. The book separates the theoretical studies on the mechanical properties of CNTs and their composites into atomistic modeling and continuum mechanics-based approaches, including both analytical and numerical ones, along with multi-scale modeling techniques. Different efforts have been done in this field to address the mechanical behavior of isolated CNTs and their composites by numerous researchers, signaling that this area of study is ongoing. - Explains modeling approaches to carbon nanotubes, together with their application, strengths and limitations - Outlines the properties of different carbon nanotube-based composites, exploring how they are used in the mechanical and structural components - Analyzes the behavior of carbon nanotube-based composites in different conditions
Mechanics of Carbon Nanotubes: Fundamentals, Modeling and Safety draws on the latest academic research and nanotechnology applications to provide a comprehensive guide on the most recent developments in the science of carbon nanotubes. The fundamentals of nanomechanics and mechanical behavior of carbon nanotubes are presented in initial chapters, followed by more advanced topics such as the classification of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotubes in nanocomposites, multiwall carbon nanotubes, and recent trends.This book provides a system for the classification of carbon nanotubes into 20 classes, aiding correct selection for various applications, and includes the Atomic Registry Matrix Analysis for nanoscale interfaces, essential for design involving friction or sliding. Parametric maps are included to help readers pick the correct model for a particular CNT geometry, in addition to a thorough examination of the effective thickness paradox and safety issues related to CNTs, such as toxicity at high aspect ratio.Mechanics of Carbon Nanotubes is essential reading for anyone involved in research or engineering that includes carbon nanotubes, be they students or seasoned professionals in the field. It is particularly useful to those working with applications in the areas of microelectronics, robotics, aerospace, composites, or prosthetics. - Provides a system for the classification of carbon nanotubes, aiding correct selection for various applications - Includes the Matrix Registry Analysis for nanoscale interfaces that is essential for design involving friction or sliding - Features parametric maps to help readers pick the right model for a particular CNT geometry (beam vs. shell vs. thin or thick shells, etc.) - Presents a thorough examination of the safety issues related to CNTs, including toxicity at high aspect ratio
A large part of the research currently being conducted in the fields of materials science and engineering mechanics is devoted to carbon nanotubes and their applications. In this process, modeling is a very attractive investigation tool due to the difficulties in manufacturing and testing of nanomaterials. Continuum modeling offers significant advantages over atomistic modeling. Furthermore, the lack of accuracy in continuum methods can be overtaken by incorporating input data either from experiments or atomistic methods. This book reviews the recent progress in continuum modeling of carbon nanotubes and their composites. The advantages and disadvantages of continuum methods over atomistic methods are comprehensively discussed. Numerical models, mainly based on the finite element method, as well as analytical models are presented in a comparative way starting from the simulation of isolated pristine and defected nanotubes and proceeding to nanotube-based composites. The ability of continuum methods to bridge different scales is emphasized. Recommendations for future research are given by focusing on what still continuum methods have to learn from the nano-scale. The scope of the book is to provide current knowledge aiming to support researchers entering the scientific area of carbon nanotubes to choose the appropriate modeling tool for accomplishing their study and place their efforts to further improve continuum methods.
This book presents recent developments about lignin documented with world renown researchers. The book is divided into 3 parts: a. Lignin Extraction/Characterization b. Lignin Modification c. Lignin Applications Lignin chemistry is still a mysterious area with various lignin types from various plants in the world providing us new opportunities to discover new materials. With the world extensive knowledge on surface chemistry, there are various methods to modify lignin structure. There are also many applications in polymeric resins, polymer composites, fertilizers and enhanced oil recovery. The book covers all the important developments about this highly important material group "Lignin".
Advances in Engineering Materials, Structures and Systems: Innovations, Mechanics and Applications comprises 411 papers that were presented at SEMC 2019, the Seventh International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, held in Cape Town, South Africa, from 2 to 4 September 2019. The subject matter reflects the broad scope of SEMC conferences, and covers a wide variety of engineering materials (both traditional and innovative) and many types of structures. The many topics featured in these Proceedings can be classified into six broad categories that deal with: (i) the mechanics of materials and fluids (elasticity, plasticity, flow through porous media, fluid dynamics, fracture, fatigue, damage, delamination, corrosion, bond, creep, shrinkage, etc); (ii) the mechanics of structures and systems (structural dynamics, vibration, seismic response, soil-structure interaction, fluid-structure interaction, response to blast and impact, response to fire, structural stability, buckling, collapse behaviour); (iii) the numerical modelling and experimental testing of materials and structures (numerical methods, simulation techniques, multi-scale modelling, computational modelling, laboratory testing, field testing, experimental measurements); (iv) innovations and special structures (nanostructures, adaptive structures, smart structures, composite structures, bio-inspired structures, shell structures, membranes, space structures, lightweight structures, long-span structures, tall buildings, wind turbines, etc); (v) design in traditional engineering materials (steel, concrete, steel-concrete composite, aluminium, masonry, timber, glass); (vi) the process of structural engineering (conceptualisation, planning, analysis, design, optimization, construction, assembly, manufacture, testing, maintenance, monitoring, assessment, repair, strengthening, retrofitting, decommissioning). The SEMC 2019 Proceedings will be of interest to civil, structural, mechanical, marine and aerospace engineers. Researchers, developers, practitioners and academics in these disciplines will find them useful. Two versions of the papers are available. Short versions, intended to be concise but self-contained summaries of the full papers, are in this printed book. The full versions of the papers are in the e-book.
Mechanics of Multiscale Hybrid Nanocomposites provides a practical and application-based investigation of both static and dynamic behaviors of multiscale hybrid nanocomposites. The book outlines how to predict the mechanical behavior and material characteristics of these nanocomposites via two-step micromechanical homogenization techniques performed in an energy-based approach that is incorporated with the strain-displacement relations of shear deformable beam, plate and shell theories. The effects of using various nanofillers are detailed, providing readers with the best methods of improving nanocomposite stiffness. Both numerical (Ritz, Rayleigh-Ritz, etc.) and analytical (Navier, Galerkin, etc.) solution methods are outlined, along with examples and techniques. - Demonstrates the influences of carbon nanotube agglomerates and wave phenomena on the constitutive modeling of three-phase hybrid nanocomposites - Analyzes nonlinear dynamic characteristics of hybrid nanocomposite systems, as well as how to monitor the system's stability via linearization technique - Discusses the stability of linear nanocomposite systems subjected to the dispersion of elastic waves and bending loads - Outlines how to design three-phase nanocomposite structures for resistance against buckling-mode failure - Instructs how to derive the governing equations of continuous systems in both linear and nonlinear regimes in the framework of various types of kinematic shell and plate theories
Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems comprises 330 papers that were presented at the Eighth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation (SEMC 2022, Cape Town, South Africa, 5-7 September 2022). The topics featured may be clustered into six broad categories that span the themes of mechanics, modelling and engineering design: (i) mechanics of materials (elasticity, plasticity, porous media, fracture, fatigue, damage, delamination, viscosity, creep, shrinkage, etc); (ii) mechanics of structures (dynamics, vibration, seismic response, soil-structure interaction, fluid-structure interaction, response to blast and impact, response to fire, structural stability, buckling, collapse behaviour); (iii) numerical modelling and experimental testing (numerical methods, simulation techniques, multi-scale modelling, computational modelling, laboratory testing, field testing, experimental measurements); (iv) design in traditional engineering materials (steel, concrete, steel-concrete composite, aluminium, masonry, timber); (v) innovative concepts, sustainable engineering and special structures (nanostructures, adaptive structures, smart structures, composite structures, glass structures, bio-inspired structures, shells, membranes, space structures, lightweight structures, etc); (vi) the engineering process and life-cycle considerations (conceptualisation, planning, analysis, design, optimization, construction, assembly, manufacture, maintenance, monitoring, assessment, repair, strengthening, retrofitting, decommissioning). Two versions of the papers are available: full papers of length 6 pages are included in the e-book, while short papers of length 2 pages, intended to be concise but self-contained summaries of the full papers, are in the printed book. This work will be of interest to civil, structural, mechanical, marine and aerospace engineers, as well as planners and architects.
A detailed primer describing the most effective theoretical and computational methods and tools for simulating graphene-based systems.