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Internal combustion engines are among the most fascinating and ingenious machines which, with their invention and continuous development, have positively influenced the industrial and social history during the last century, especially by virtue of the role played as propulsion technology par excellence used in on-road private and commercial transportation. Nowadays, the growing attention towards the de-carbonization opens up new scenarios, but IC engines will continue to have a primary role in multiple sectors: automotive, marine, offroad machinery, mining, oil & gas and rail, power generation, possibly with an increasing use of non-fossil fuels. The book is organized in monothematic chapters, starting with a presentation of the general and functional characteristics of IC engines, and then dwelling on the details of the fluid exchange processes and the definition of the layout of intake and exhaust systems, obviously including the supercharging mechanisms, and continue with the description of the injection and combustion processes, to conclude with the explanation of the formation, control and reduction of pollutant emissions and radiated noise.
The velocity profile around the intake valve of an internal combustion engine was experimentally investigated by means of particle image velocimetry. A simulated engine setup was constructed using a diesel engine cylinder head and an acrylic cylinder with glass optical windows. The flow was generated by an axial fan on a standard flow bench. The instantaneous two dimensional velocity field was measured in a plane perpendicular to the cylinder head near one of the intake valves. Measurements were taken with a motor driven cam actuating the two intake valves. Measurements were made for several values of cam rotation rate and at several values of cam angle (valve lift). The double exposed film was interrogated by an optical image analysis method, and velocity vectors were obtained at 0.5 mun intervals in the flow field. The results show the expected large shear flows recognizable vortices in the flow field. (Author).
The 8-volume set contains the Proceedings of the 25th ECOS 2012 International Conference, Perugia, Italy, June 26th to June 29th, 2012. ECOS is an acronym for Efficiency, Cost, Optimization and Simulation (of energy conversion systems and processes), summarizing the topics covered in ECOS: Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Exergy and Second Law Analysis, Process Integration and Heat Exchanger Networks, Fluid Dynamics and Power Plant Components, Fuel Cells, Simulation of Energy Conversion Systems, Renewable Energies, Thermo-Economic Analysis and Optimisation, Combustion, Chemical Reactors, Carbon Capture and Sequestration, Building/Urban/Complex Energy Systems, Water Desalination and Use of Water Resources, Energy Systems- Environmental and Sustainability Issues, System Operation/ Control/Diagnosis and Prognosis, Industrial Ecology.