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The class Mollicutes (trivial name “mycoplasma”) encompasses a large group of bacteria having no cell-wall and a minute size genome (580 to 2,200 kb). From an evolutionary point of view, Mollicutes are derived from a common ancestor to Gram-positive bacteria with low G+C content and are considered as some of the most evolved prokaryotes. Despite their limited coding capacity, most Mollicutes can be cultivated in axenic media and thus include some of the simplest life-forms capable of autonomous replication. As such, these minimal bacteria have been used as a biological model to decipher cell functions and as blueprints for the synthesis of synthetic minimal genomes. Far from models, this monophyletic group is well known to include a broad range of important human, animal, plant and insect pathogens. In their hosts, these minimal pathogens usually establish persistent infections along with degenerative diseases which have a significant impact on human and animal health as well as on livestock and crop production.
was the result of the efforts of Robert Cleverdon. The rapidly developing discipline of molecular biology and the rapidly expanding knowledge of the PPLO were brought together at this meeting. In addition to the PPLO specialists, the conference invited Julius Marmur to compare PPLO DNA to DNA of other organisms; David Garfinkel, who was one of the first to develop computer models of metabolism; Cyrus Levinthal to talk about coding; and Henry Quastler to discuss information theory constraints on very small cells. The conference was an announcement of the role of PPLO in the fundamental understanding of molecular biology. Looking back 40-some years to the Connecticut meeting, it was a rather bold enterprise. The meeting was international and inter-disciplinary and began a series of important collaborations with influences resonating down to the present. If I may be allowed a personal remark, it was where I first met Shmuel Razin, who has been a leading figure in the emerging mycoplasma research and a good friend. This present volume is in some ways the fulfillment of the promise of that early meeting. It is an example of the collaborative work of scientists in building an understanding of fundamental aspects of biology.
Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, Fourth Edition captures the rapid developments in understanding the mechanisms of virulence of the major bacterial pathogens of animals. Now including a color plate section, the book presents an overview of pathogenesis, including relevant events that occur in the herd or flock and its environment, and activities that take place at the cellular and molecular levels. With contributions from 64 experts in the field, this book serves as a great reference for graduate students in veterinary medicine and animal science, microbiologists, virologists and pathologists.
This book contains a wealth of information on Mollicutes. It provides an interdisciplinary coverage of the up-to-date information on Mollicutes such as Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma, Phytoplasma and plant diseases caused by different Mollicutes. This bok is intended to serve postgraduate and graduate students. To the students, this book is not merely a general reference; it is equivalent to several textbooks. Contents: Introduction, Classification of Mollicutes, Mycoplasma, Phytoplasma, Spiroplasma, Plant Diseases.
Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living prokaryotes lacking a cell wall and are, therefore, highly pleomorphic. This book is a contribution toward an understanding of the complex problems of tree diseases caused by mycoplasma-like organisms and their relatives.
The Mycoplasmas,Volume V: Spiroplasmas, Acholeplasmas,and Mycoplasmas of Plants and Arthropods focuses on existing knowledge and recent development in research on spiroplasmas, acholeplasmas, and other mollicutes of plants and arthropods. Organized into 11 chapters, this volume discusses the nutrition, cultivation, ecology, and molecular and cellular biology of spiroplasmas. Because the occurrence of other mollicutes (mycoplasma and acholeplasma) in plant and arthropod environments is not extensively discussed in other volumes, this volume shows the rapid progress in describing the new mollicutes from arthropods and plant surface that they contaminate. Molecular studies of mollicute phylogeny and plant infections incited by the so-called mycoplasma-like organisms are also presented. This book will provide a comprehensive reference source for all mycoplasmologists and a relevant and exhaustive summary of recent advances in the study of spiroplasmas, acholeplasmas, and mycoplasmas in plant and arthropod hosts for microbiologists, cellular and molecular biologists, plant pathologists, and entomologists.
Encyclopedia of Microbiology, Fourth Edition, Five Volume Set gathers both basic and applied dimensions in this dynamic field that includes virtually all environments on Earth. This range attracts a growing number of cross-disciplinary studies, which the encyclopedia makes available to readers from diverse educational backgrounds. The new edition builds on the solid foundation established in earlier versions, adding new material that reflects recent advances in the field. New focus areas include `Animal and Plant Microbiomes’ and ‘Global Impact of Microbes`. The thematic organization of the work allows users to focus on specific areas, e.g., for didactical purposes, while also browsing for topics in different areas. Offers an up-to-date and authoritative resource that covers the entire field of microbiology, from basic principles, to applied technologies Provides an organic overview that is useful to academic teachers and scientists from different backgrounds Includes chapters that are enriched with figures and graphs, and that can be easily consulted in isolation to find fundamental definitions and concepts
Genome-reduced, wall-less, and fastidious bacteria of the genera Spiroplasma, Mycoplasma, Phytoplasma and allies belonging to the class Mollicutes, are known for a number of unique microbiological features, which have prompted researchers to investigate their basic, applied, and medical aspects. They are mostly parasitic or symbiotic to a variety of animals and plants, living on or within the eukaryotic cells. Spiroplasmas, recognized by their characteristic spiral shape and active twitching motility, are associated with insects and/or plants. S. poulsonii causes remarkable reproductive phenotype, called male-killing, of their insect hosts. S. citri and S. kunkelii are notorious as devastating pathogens of citrus and maize, respectively. Mycoplasmas are not only medically important as human and animal pathogens like M. pneumoniae and M. genitalium, but also intensively investigated as minimal-genome bacterial models. Microbial genome synthesis and engineering technologies have been developed mainly on M. mycoides and M. capricolum. Some mycoplasmas are known for their capability of unique gliding motility. Phytoplasmas are obligatorily parasitic to plant phloem tissues and vectored by plant-sucking insects, often causing spectacular plant phenotypes like phyllody, virescence, witch’s broom, etc.