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The microbes that live in and on plants (the plant microbiome) are critical for plant health, and exert their influence by facilitating nutrient acquisition, regulating plant hormone levels, and helping to withstand pathogen attack. Due to these potential benefits, the plant microbiome has become an appealing target for engineering sustainable improvements in crop productivity. However, the lack of a mechanistic understanding for plant-microbiome interactions at the molecular level has impeded engineering efforts. In this dissertation, I address the role of plant-derived specialized molecules in shaping the composition of the root microbiome, and that of microbe-produced molecules in influencing plant health. Using broadly-applicable experimental platforms that allow for hypothesis-driven mechanistic studies, along with previously developed reverse genetic tools in the model plant Arabidopsis, I discovered a novel mechanism of action for coumarins (root-exuded, specialized small molecules) in assembling the microbiome of plant roots. Additionally, I describe a role for Pseudomanas-derived pyrroloquinoline quinone (a redox-active small molecule) in improving plant growth under iron-limiting conditions -- a nutrient deficiency prevalent in one-third of the world's soils. Finally, I highlight a serendipitous discovery made while engineering plants to modulate the root microbiome using opines -- unusual conjugates of two common plant metabolites that can be catabolized by select microbes. The microbes inciting the production of opines, Agrobacterium species, hijack the plant cell's splicing machinery as part of its pathogenic lifestyle. This novel finding could be exploited to improve transgene expression in plants, and to survey bacterial genomes for genes that are horizontally transferred across the kingdoms of life. These contributions, which provide mechanistic roles for both plant and microbe-derived small molecules within the phytobiome, offer concrete strategies for engineering phytobiomes to improve agricultural systems.
Principles in Microbiome Engineering Provides an overview of the techniques and applications insight into the complex composition and interactions of microbiomes Microbiomes, the communities of microorganisms that inhabit specific ecosystems or organisms, can be engineered to modify the structure of microbiota and reestablish ecological balance. In recent years, a better understanding of microbial composition and host-microbe interactions has led to the development of new applications for improving human health and increasing agricultural productivity and quality. Principles in Microbiome Engineering introduces readers to the tools and applications involved in manipulating the composition of a microbial community to improve the function of an eco-system. Covering a range of key topics, this up-to-date volume discusses current research in areas such as microbiome-based therapeutics for human diseases, crop plant breeding, animal husbandry, soil engineering, food and beverage applications, and more. Divided into three sections, the text first describes the critical roles of systems biology, synthetic biology, computer modelling, and machine learning in microbiome engineering. Next, the volume explores various state-of-the-art applications, including cancer immunotherapy and prevention of diseases associated with the human microbiome, followed by a concluding section offering perspectives on the future of microbiome engineering and potential applications. Introduces a variety of applications of microbiome engineering in the fields of medicine, agriculture, and food and beverage products Presents current research into the complex interactions and relationships between microbiomes and biotic and abiotic elements of their environments Examines the use of technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Big Data analytics to advance understanding of microbiomes Discusses the engineering of microbiomes to address human health conditions such as neuro psychiatric disorders and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases Edited and authored by leading researchers in the rapidly evolving field, Principles in Microbiome Engineering is an essential resource for biotechnologists, biochemists, microbiologists, pharmacologists, and practitioners working in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.
Molecular Aspects of Plant Beneficial Microbes in Agriculture explores their diverse interactions, including the pathogenic and symbiotic relationship which leads to either a decrease or increase in crop productivity. Focusing on these environmentally-friendly approaches, the book explores their potential in changing climatic conditions. It presents the exploration and regulation of beneficial microbes in offering sustainable and alternative solutions to the use of chemicals in agriculture. The beneficial microbes presented here are capable of contributing to nutrient balance, growth regulators, suppressing pathogens, orchestrating immune response and improving crop performance. The book also offers insights into the advancements in DNA technology and bioinformatic approaches which have provided in-depth knowledge about the molecular arsenal involved in mineral uptake, nitrogen fixation, growth promotion and biocontrol attributes.
Book extensively deals with the Plant Sciences and the experiments can be easily tailored to suit individual conditions, hence should be of general interest to researchers and teachers who frame the syllabi. PREFACE.
In the preface to the first edition ofthis book, we expressed a conviction that there was a need for a short book that highlighted important advances in the new discipline of plant molecular biology. The rapid development of this topic has been brought about by the recognition of the unique properties of plants in the study of growth and development together with the application of recombinant DNA techniques to tackle these problems. Plant cells contain DNA in nuclei, plastids and mitochondria, and so offer the unique challenge of studying the interaction of three separate genetic systems in a single organism. The molecular approach has provided, in recent years, a wealth of important information about how plants function, and how they interact with bacteria, fungi and viruses. Furthermore, plant development involves the regulation of gene expression in response to intern al and external signals, and plant molecular biology has provided a fundamental insight into how this development is regulated. This is not only of considerable scientific interest, but also has important implications for the production of plants and plant products in agriculture, horticulture and the food industries.
The most up-to-date reference on phytomicrobiomes available today The Plant Microbiome in Sustainable Agriculture combines the most relevant and timely information available today in the fields of nutrient and food security. With a particular emphasis on current research progress and perspectives of future development in the area, The Plant Microbiome in Sustainable Agriculture is an invaluable reference for students and researchers in the field, as well as those with an interest in microbiome research and development. The book covers both terrestrial and crop associated microbiomes, unveiling the biological, biotechnological and technical aspects of research. Topics discussed include: Developing model plant microbiome systems for various agriculturally important crops Defining core microbiomes and metagenomes in these model systems Defining synthetic microbiomes for a sustainable increase in food production and quality The Plant Microbiome in Sustainable Agriculture is written to allow a relative neophyte to learn and understand the basic concepts involved in phytomicrobiomes and discuss them intelligently with colleagues.
This book provides a straightforward and easy-to-understand overview of beneficial plant-bacterial interactions. It features a wealth of unique illustrations to clarify the text, and each chapter includes study questions that highlight the important points, as well as references to key experiments. Since the publication of the first edition of Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions, in 2015, there has been an abundance of new discoveries in this area, and in recent years, scientists around the globe have begun to develop a relatively detailed understanding of many of the mechanisms used by bacteria that facilitate plant growth and development. This knowledge is gradually becoming an integral component of modern agricultural practice, with more and more plant growth-promoting bacterial strains being commercialized and used successfully in countries throughout the world. In addition, as the world’s population continues to grow, the pressure for increased food production will intensify, while at the same time, environmental concerns, mean that environmentally friendly methods of food production will need to replace many traditional agricultural practices such as the use of potentially dangerous chemicals. The book, intended for students, explores the fundamentals of this new paradigm in agriculture, horticulture, and environmental cleanup.
Overview. Concepts and terminology in plant-microbe interactions. Factors in pathogenesis. Microbial enzyne regulation and its importance for pathogenicity. Genetics of host-parasite systems: a prospectus for molecular biology. Approaches and tools for research. Diagnostic approaches for the rapid and specific detection of plant viruses and viroids. Theory and practice of genetic engineering. Development of plant vectors. Mutant selection. Molecular biology of recognition. Concepts and experimental approaches in host-microbe recognition. Adsorption of bacteria to plant surfaces. Plant response to the environment. Genetics of rhizobium nodulation. Systemic responses to wounding. Genetic and molecular aspects of resitance induced by infections or chemicals. Plant tumorigenesis. Biological control. Epiphytic microbes as biological control agents. Hypovirulence. A model to explain the "Cross protection" phenomenson shown by plant viruses and viroids.
Written by leading experts in their respective fields, Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology 3e, provides a comprehensive, balanced introduction to soil microbiology, and captures the rapid advances in the field such as recent discoveries regarding habitats and organisms, microbially mediated transformations, and applied environmental topics. Carefully edited for ease of reading, it aids users by providing an excellent multi-authored reference, the type of book that is continually used in the field. Background information is provided in the first part of the book for ease of comprehension. The following chapters then describe such fundamental topics as soil environment and microbial processes, microbial groups and their interactions, and thoroughly addresses critical nutrient cycles and important environmental and agricultural applications. An excellent textbook and desk reference, Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology, 3e, provides readers with broad, foundational coverage of the vast array of microorganisms that live in soil and the major biogeochemical processes they control. Soil scientists, environmental scientists, and others, including soil health and conservation specialists, will find this material invaluable for understanding the amazingly diverse world of soil microbiology, managing agricultural and environmental systems, and formulating environmental policy. Includes discussion of major microbial methods, embedded within topical chapters Includes information boxes and case studies throughout the text to illustrate major concepts and connect fundamental knowledge with potential applications Study questions at the end of each chapter allow readers to evaluate their understanding of the materials
People's desire to understand the environments in which they live is a natural one. People spend most of their time in spaces and structures designed, built, and managed by humans, and it is estimated that people in developed countries now spend 90 percent of their lives indoors. As people move from homes to workplaces, traveling in cars and on transit systems, microorganisms are continually with and around them. The human-associated microbes that are shed, along with the human behaviors that affect their transport and removal, make significant contributions to the diversity of the indoor microbiome. The characteristics of "healthy" indoor environments cannot yet be defined, nor do microbial, clinical, and building researchers yet understand how to modify features of indoor environmentsâ€"such as building ventilation systems and the chemistry of building materialsâ€"in ways that would have predictable impacts on microbial communities to promote health and prevent disease. The factors that affect the environments within buildings, the ways in which building characteristics influence the composition and function of indoor microbial communities, and the ways in which these microbial communities relate to human health and well-being are extraordinarily complex and can be explored only as a dynamic, interconnected ecosystem by engaging the fields of microbial biology and ecology, chemistry, building science, and human physiology. This report reviews what is known about the intersection of these disciplines, and how new tools may facilitate advances in understanding the ecosystem of built environments, indoor microbiomes, and effects on human health and well-being. It offers a research agenda to generate the information needed so that stakeholders with an interest in understanding the impacts of built environments will be able to make more informed decisions.