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A quarter of a century after its initial publication, The Classroom Arsenal remains pivotal in understanding and challenging the relentless promotion of technology to reform education. This seemingly benign education technology juggernaut carries forward the momentum of military agendas in man-machine systems detailed in the book. Promoters continue to flood schools with technology and its (still unfulfilled) promise of cutting edge, "personalized learning." Meanwhile, they continue as well their insatiable pursuit of federal funding, educational legitimacy, corporate profits, and access to student subjects and their accumulated learning data for product development. Less understood, though, is a companion enterprise, there from the start, to replace teaching and learning in traditional classrooms by efficient automated systems that manage and monitor human cognition and learning for high-performance systems, from weapons systems to high tech corporations. As education is moved imperceptibly away from its traditional humanistic aims and from the classroom itself, the goal of this human engineering project, the depersonalized accumulation of cognitive components for a 21st century militarized economy, best befits the book’s original title: "The Human Arsenal." This ongoing military/corporate-sponsored enterprise continues to impact education today, largely unnoticed. One example is the federally-funded Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative (ADL), which has been a major force behind the implementation of electronic learning systems, now used in all Defense Department and federal employee training. With the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) ADL is developing structures to capture students’ soft skills, and the Army Research Laboratory is developing "intelligent tutoring systems" to enable "instructional management of affect, engagement, and grit (perseverance)." ADL through the Department of Defense has developed Experience API, a learning technology that can monitor all student online and offline interactions and archive these in date lockers or learning record stores. ADL has already impacted thousands of school districts through nonprofits such as IMS Global and Future Ready Schools, part of an industry massively subsidized by high tech corporations and valued at $255 billion annually. A $90 million Advanced Research Projects Agency for Education (ARPA-ED), modeled after the military’s ARPA, has been proposed to fund "dramatic breakthroughs in learning and teaching." These include "digital tutors as effective as personal tutors" and, with the Navy’s Full Spectrum Learning project, "data collection tools for personalized education modeled after corporate data analysis that identifies consumer patterns and preferences." ADL is just one example of how the military/corporate ed tech enterprise is changing public education by hollowing it out into something that can be digitized, data-driven, automated, and monitored. Its promoters envision education as children interacting with online learning systems where, based on past performance, algorithms will serve up what each student needs to know next. Through this digital curriculum, students create virtual educational identities at very young ages and learning devices are watching students as much as students are watching them. Such is the education landscape presaged by The Classroom Arsenal a quarter century ago, whose origins and trajectories need to be deeply understood now more than ever.
This collection of papers is the result of a workshop sponsored by NATO's Defense Research Group Panel 8 in the Fall of 1991. The workshop is the second of a series, the fIrst of which was held in the Spring of 1985. As you study these papers, recall that this workshop occurred during the time that many changes were occurring in Eastern Europe and world wide. The need to identify training technologies for maintaining a capable and ready force during times of decreases in military force structure was, and is currently, our challenge. The opportunities for these technologies to provide a service and opportunity for nonmilitary usage is our future. Therefore this workshop maintained its focus on technology and application, regardless of the user. These and other statements made herein are personal and reflect the opinions of the author(s) and in no way represent the offIcial position or policy of our individual governments. v PREFACE The truly international contributions to this book reinforced our belief that training technology must be collaborative and data widely shared to strengthen our future. We want to thank the authors of these papers for their abilities to see beyond the near horizon. Their contributions, and the support of the organizations that sponsored their work is greatly appreciated. We also gratefully recognize the contributions of all who attended the workshop.
Streamlined ID: A Practical Guide to Instructional Design presents a focused and generalizable approach to instructional design and development – one that addresses the needs of ID novices, as well as practitioners in a variety of career environments. Emphasizing the essentials and "big ideas" of ID, Streamlined ID presents a new perspective – one that aims to produce instruction that is sustainable, optimized, appropriately redundant, and targeted at continuous improvement. The book features an enhanced version of the classic ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) that emphasizes the iterative nature of design and the role of evaluation throughout the design/development process. It clearly lays out a systematic approach that emphasizes the use of research-based theories, while acknowledging the need to customize the process to address a variety of pedagogical approaches: Instructivist, Constructivist, and Connectivist. The book opens with an overview of the basics of ID and each subsequent chapter describes major activities in the ID process with step-by-step instructions and tips for streamlining the process. Numerous job aids serve to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of your design efforts. Each chapter highlights key concepts and provides additional exercises and assignments based on the work of Benjamin Bloom. Streamlined ID is an ideal reference guide for optimizing professional practice.
In July 1976, the National Security Industrial Association (NSIA) sponsored the First International Learning Technology Congress in Washington, D.C. As part of the Congress, NSIA also sponsored the Third Triennial Symposium on Cost Effective Learning Through the Application of Technology. One of the six sessions which made up the Symposium was devoted to the topic, 'Instructional Technology in the Military.'
Discusses the potential benefits of information technologies in the military and the potential costs associated with unintended consequences regarding the deleterious effects of excessive information access. These technologies include collection, display, communications, and processing technologies of data fusion and analysis as well as support for decision making. Advocates and makes recommendations for the adoption of a comprehensive and systematic technological insertion approach for introducing and using emerging technologies and for the testing and refinement of new mission capability packages.
This report is a resource guide for those concerned with using collaborative and e-learning environments; those that use the Internet in a military training setting. The report is intended for training developers and planners, instructional designers, and program evaluators. The report offers a broad examination of findings from the educational literature, where the preponderance of research on e-learning tools and collaborative learning (i.e., groups of learners who have a common goal) has been conducted. Reviewed first are the emergence of e-learning tools and constructivism, the role of the instructor in such approaches, and the increasing importance of learner-centered approaches to instruction. Appropriate quantitative and qualitative research methodologies are then described. A summary of relevant findings on collaborative tools, individual differences, and learning communities is also provided. Suggestions are made for experiments that test the adaptability to military training environments of e-learning and collaborative learning methods emanating from education. Ten primary and 17 secondary experiments are devised that derive from current psychological principles in cognition, motivation, social factors, and individual differences as applied to Internet-enabled learning.