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Heat transfer and fluid flow during manual metal arc welding of low alloy steels were investigated by solving the equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in three dimensions. Cooling rates were calculated at various locations in the weldment. Calculated cooling rates were coupled with an existing phase transformation model to predict percentages of acicular, allotriomorphic, and Widmanstaetten ferrites in various low alloy steel welds containing different concentration of V and Mn. Computed microstructures were in good agreement with experiment, indicating promise for predicting weld metal microstructure from the fundamentals of transport phenomena.
Heat transfer and fluid flow during manual metal arc welding Of low alloy steels were investigated by solving the equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy in three dimensions. Calculated cooling rates were coupled with an existing phase transformation model to predict the microstructure in low alloy steel welds. The computed results were found to be in good agreement with experimentally observed microstructures. The agreement indicates significant promise for predicting spatial distribution of weld metal microstructure from the fundamentals of transport phenomena.
Microstructure development in low alloy steel welds depends on various phase transformations that are a function of weld heating and cooling. The phase changes include non-metallic oxide inclusion formation in the liquid state, weld pool solidification, and solid state transformations. In this paper the mechanism of inclusion formation during low alloy steel welding is considered and the model predictions are compared with published results. The effect of inclusions on the austenite to ferrite transformation kinetics is measured and the mechanisms of transformation are discussed. The austenite gain development is related to the driving force for transformation of[delta] ferrite to austenite.