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An understanding of the processes of plant reproduction is increasingly important in the exploitation of plant resources. Microspore formation is a major event in the life cycles of land plants, allowing the transition from diploid sporophyte generation to the haploid gametophyte generation, and varies greatly between taxa in the diversity of processes involved. Despite the wealth of information available, there are very few sources which bring together the results of research work on the reproduction in all the major plant groups.**Microspores fills this gap by reviewing microsporogenesis from a systematic and evolutionary perspective in groups ranging from algae to angiosperms. Special chapters focus on structure, function, cell and molecular processes, and potential biotechnological applications of plant spores and pollen. The result is an up-to-date guide to the applications of modern techniques in the classic area of botany.**This work bridges several disciplines to provide a coherent and authoritative account which will be essential reading for research scientists and lecturers in botany, evolution, ultrastructure, reproductive and developmental biology, and palynology.
An understanding of the processes of plant reproduction is increasingly important in the exploitation of plant resources. Microspore formation is a major event in the life cycles of land plants, allowing the transition from diploid sporophyte generation to the haploid gametophyte generation, and varies greatly between taxa in the diversity of processes involved. Despite the wealth of information available, there are very few sources which bring together the results of research work on the reproduction in all the major plant groups.**Microspores fills this gap by reviewing microsporogenesis from a systematic and evolutionary perspective in groups ranging from algae to angiosperms. Special chapters focus on structure, function, cell and molecular processes, and potential biotechnological applications of plant spores and pollen. The result is an up-to-date guide to the applications of modern techniques in the classic area of botany.**This work bridges several disciplines to provide a coherent and authoritative account which will be essential reading for research scientists and lecturers in botany, evolution, ultrastructure, reproductive and developmental biology, and palynology.
The production of doubled haploids has become a necessary tool in advanced plant breeding institutes and commercial companies for breeding many crop species. However, the development of new, more efficient and cheaper large scale production protocols has meant that doubled haploids are also recently being applied in less advanced breeding programmes. This Manual was prepared to stimulate the wider use of this technology for speeding and opening up new breeding possibilities for many crops including some woody tree species. Since the construction of genetic maps using molecular markers requires the development of segregating doubled haploid populations in numerous crop species, we hope that this Manual will also help molecular biologists in establishing such mapping populations. For many years, both the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have supported and coordinated research that focuses on development of more efficient doubled haploid production methods and their applications in breeding of new varieties and basic research through their Plant Breeding and Genetics Section of the Joint F AO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. The first F AO/IAEA scientific network (Coordinated Research Programme - CRP) dealing with doubled haploids was initiated by the Plant Breeding and Genetics Section in 1986.
The importance of haploids is well known to geneticists and plant breeders. The discovery of anther-derived haploid Datura plants in 1964 initiated great excitement in the plant breeding and genetics communities as it offered shortcuts in producing highly desirable homozygous plants. Unfortunately, the expected revolution was slow to materialise due to problems in extending methods to other species, including genotypic dependence, recalcitrance, slow development of tissue culture technologies and a lack of knowledge of the underlying processes. Recent years have witnessed great strides in the research and application of haploids in higher plants. After a lull in activities, drivers for the resurgence have been: (1) development of effective tissue culture protocols, (2) identification of genes c- trolling embryogenesis, and (3) large scale and wide spread commercial up-take in plant breeding and plant biotechnology arenas. The first major international symposium on “Haploids in Higher Plants” took place in Guelph, Canada in 1974. At that time there was much excitement about the potential benefits, but in his opening address Sir Ralph Riley offered the following words of caution: “I believe that it is quite likely that haploid research will contr- ute cultivars to agriculture in several crops in the future. However, the more extreme claims of the enthusiasts for haploid breeding must be treated with proper caution. Plant breeding is subject from time to time to sweeping claims from ent- siastic proponents of new procedures.
This book is divided into five sections. The first section deals with the methodology and bioresource generation, techniques related to genetic engineering, and gene transfer to the nuclear genome and chloroplast genome. The new techniques of genome profiling and gene silencing are also presented. The second section of the book covers the classical aspect of plant biotechnology viz. tissue culture and micropropagation. Use of genetic engineering via Agrobacterium and direct transfer of DNA through particle bombardment to develop transformed plants in Artemisia, castor and orchids, and production of recombinant proteins in plant cells have been dealt with in the third section. The fourth section addresses the abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants. The basic biology of some of the stress responses, and designing plants for stress tolerance is discussed in this section. The fifth section examines medicinal plants and alkaloid production.
Doubled haploids (DHs) are powerful tools to reduce the time and costs needed to produce pure lines to be used in breeding programs. DHs are also useful for genetic mapping of complex qualitative traits, to avoid transgenic hemizygotes, for studies of linkage and estimation of recombination fractions, for screening of recessive mutants. These are just some of the advantages that make DH technology one of the most exciting fields of present and future plant biotechnology. All of the DH methods have model species where these technologies have been developed, or that respond every efficiently to their corresponding induction treatment. However, not all the species of economical/agronomical interest respond to these methodologies as they should be in order to obtain DHs on a routine basis. Indeed, many of them are still considered as low-responding or recalcitrant to these treatments, including many of the most important crops worldwide. Although many groups are making significant progresses in the understanding of these intriguing experimental pathways, little is known about the origin, causes and ways to overcome recalcitrancy. It would be very important to shed light on the particularities of recalcitrant species and the special conditions they need to be induced. In parallel, the knowledge gained from the study of basic aspects in model species could also be beneficial to overcome recalcitrancy. In this e-book, we present a compilation of different approaches leading to the generation of DHs in model and in recalcitrant species, and different studies on new and relevant aspects of this process, useful to extract common traits and features, to know better these processes, and eventually, to elucidate how to make DH technology more efficient.
Micropropagation has become a reliable and routine approach for large-scale rapid plant multiplication, which is based on plant cell, tissue and organ culture on well defined tissue culture media under aseptic conditions. A lot of research efforts are being made to develop and refine micropropagation methods and culture media for large-scale plant multiplication of several number of plant species. However, many forest and fruit tree species still remain recalcitrant to in vitro culture and require highly specific culture conditions for plant growth and development. The recent challenges on plant cell cycle regulation and the presented potential molecular mechanisms of recalcitrance are providing excellent background for understanding on totipotency and what is more development of micropropagation protocols. For large-scale in vitro plant production the important attributes are the quality, cost effectiveness, maintenance of genetic fidelity, and long-term storage. The need for appropriate in vitro plant regeneration methods for woody plants, including both forest and fruit trees, is still overwhelming in order to overcome problems facing micropropagation such as somaclonal variation, recalcitrant rooting, hyperhydricity, polyphenols, loss of material during hardening and quality of plant material. Moreover, micropropagation may be utilized, in basic research, in production of virus-free planting material, cryopreservation of endangered and elite woody species, applications in tree breeding and reforestation.
Doubled haploid technology is an important tool for plant breeding. It allows for significant time reduction in the achievement of homozygous breeding lines of value in crop improvement. This volume provides an excellent overview of haploid induction and the application of doubled haploids. The authors emphasize advances made in the understanding of microspore embryogenesis, but treat also advances in gynogenesis and the manipulation of parthenogenetic haploid development. The text contains a thorough discussion of the application of haploidy to the improvement of a number of species from various families, including Brassicaceae, Poaceae, and Solanaceae. The various methods applicable to these species are described in detail. Each chapter contains critical evaluation of the scientific literature and an extensive list of references. This volume is ideally suited for plant breeders, geneticists, and plant cell biologists.
Plant Transformation Technologies is a comprehensive, authoritative book focusing on cutting-edge plant biotechnologies, offering in-depth, forward-looking information on methods for controlled and accurate genetic engineering. In response to ever-increasing pressure for precise and efficient integration of transgenes in plants, many new technologies have been developed. With complete coverage of these technologies, Plant Transformation Technologies provides valuable insight on current and future plant transformation technologies. With twenty-five chapters written by international experts on transformation technologies, the book includes new information on Agrobacterium, targeting transgenes into plant genomes, and new vectors and market systems. Including both review chapters and protocols for transformation, Plant Transformation Technologies is vitally important to graduate students, postdoctoral students, and university and industry researchers.
Introduction and techniques; Introductory history; Laboratory organisation; Media; Aseptic manipulation; Basic aspects; Cell culture; Cellular totipotency; Somatic embryogenesis; Applications to plant breeding; Haploid prodution; Triploid production; In vitro pollination and fertilization; Zygotic embryo culture; Somatic hybridisation and cybridisation; Genetic transformation; Somaclonal and gametoclonal variant selection; Application to horticulture and forestry; Production of disease-free plants; clonal propagation; General applications; Industrial applications: secondary metabolite production; Germplasm conservation.