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Digital and social media are increasingly integrated into the dynamics of protest movements around the world. They strengthen the mobilization power of movements, extend movement networks, facilitate new modes of protest participation, and give rise to new protest formations. Meanwhile, conventional media remains an important arena where protesters and their targets contest for public support. This book examines the role of the media -- understood as an integrated system comprised of both conventional media institutions and digital media platforms -- in the formation and dynamics of the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong. For 79 days in 2014, Hong Kong became the focus of international attention due to a public demonstration for genuine democracy that would become known as the Umbrella Movement. During this time, twenty percent of the local population would join the demonstration, the most large-scale and sustained act of civil disobedience in Hong Kong's history -- and the largest public protest campaign in China since the 1989 student movement in Beijing. On the surface, this movement was not unlike other large-scale protest movements that have occurred around the world in recent years. However, it was distinct in how bottom-up processes evolved into a centrally organized, programmatic movement with concrete policy demands. In this book, Francis L. F. Lee and Joseph M. Chan connect the case of the Umbrella Movement to recent theorizations of new social movement formations. Here, Lee and Chan analyze how traditional mass media institutions and digital media combined with on-the-ground networks in such a way as to propel citizen participation and the evolution of the movement as a whole. As such, they argue that the Umbrella Movement is important in the way it sheds light on the rise of digital-media-enabled social movements, the relationship between digital media platforms and legacy media institutions, the power and limitations of such occupation protests and new "action logics," and the continual significance of old protest logics of resource mobilization and collective action frames. Through a combination of protester surveys, population surveys, analyses of news contents and social media activities, this book reconstructs a rich and nuanced account of the Umbrella Movement, providing insight into numerous issues about the media-movement nexus in the digital era.
Throughout history, innovations in media have had a profound impact on protest and dissent. But while these recent developments in social media have been the subject of intense scholarly attention, there has been little consideration of the wider historical role of media technologies in protest. Drawing on the work of key theorists such as Walter Benjamin and Raymond Williams, Crisis and Critique provides a historical analysis of media practices within the context of major economic crises. Through richly detailed case studies of the movements which emerged during three different economic crises – the unemployed workers' movement of the Great Depression, the rent strike movement of the early 1970s and the Occupy Wall Street protests which followed the recession of 2007 – Kaun provides an in-depth analysis of the cultural, economic and social consequences of media technologies, and their role in shaping and facilitating resistance to capitalism.
The Logic of Connective Action explains the rise of a personalized digitally networked politics in which diverse individuals address the common problems of our times such as economic fairness and climate change. Rich case studies from the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany illustrate a theoretical framework for understanding how large-scale connective action is coordinated. In many of these mobilizations, communication operates as an organizational process that may replace or supplement familiar forms of collective action based on organizational resource mobilization, leadership, and collective action framing. In some cases, connective action emerges from crowds that shun leaders, as when Occupy protesters created media networks to channel resources and create loose ties among dispersed physical groups. In other cases, conventional political organizations deploy personalized communication logics to enable large-scale engagement with a variety of political causes. The Logic of Connective Action shows how power is organized in communication-based networks, and what political outcomes may result.
The founder of one of America's most influential political blogs gives voice to the new world of digital activism, sharing helpful guidelines on how a grassroots movement can grow and thrive in the age of global information and how to transform the world with political, cultural, social, and environmental change.
This book offers an interdisciplinary set of contributions from leading scholars, and explores the complex relationship between media, technology and social movements. It provides a valuable resource for scholars and students working in this rapidly developing field. Providing theoretical engagement with contemporary debates in the field of social movements and new media, the book also includes a theoretical overview of central contemporary debates, a re-evaluation of theories of social movement communication, and a critical overview of media ecology and media approaches in social movement scholarship. The theoretical contributions are also developed though empirical case studies from around the world, including the use of Facebook in student protests in the UK, the way power operates in Anonymous, the "politics of mundanity" in China, the emotional dynamics on Twitter of India’s Nirbhaya protest, and analysis of Twitter networks in the transnational feminist campaign ‘Take Back The Tech!’. This book was originally published as a special issue of Social Movement Studies.
Contains an Open Access chapter.With chapters spanning from the Russian Revolution to the present day, this book considers how art, media and communication technologies have been operationalised to connect, mobilise, organize and inspire the masses in particular national, political, and economic contexts.
Commercial social media platforms have become integral to contemporary forms of protests. They are intensely used by advocacy groups, non-governmental organisations, social movements and other political actors who increasingly integrate social media platforms into broader practices of organizing and campaigning. But, aside from the many advantages of extensive mobilization opportunities at low cost, what are the implications of social media corporations being involved in these grassroots movements? This book takes a much-needed critical approach to the relationship between social media and protest. Highlighting key issues and concerns in contemporary forms of social media activism, including questions of censorship, surveillance, individualism, and temporality, the book combines contributions from some of the most active scholars in the field today. Advancing both conceptual and empirical work on social media and protest, and with a range of different angles, the book provides a fresh and challenging outlook on a very topical debate.
In the mediated digital era, communication is changing fast and eating up ever greater shares of real-world power. Corporate battles and guerrilla wars are fought on Twitter. Facebook is the new Berlin, home to tinkers, tailors, spies and terrorist recruiters. We recognize the power shift instinctively but, in our attempts to understand it, we keep using conceptual and theoretical models that are not changing fast, that are barely changing at all, that are laid over from the past. Journalism remains one of the main sites of communication power, an expanded space where citizens, protesters, PR professionals, tech developers and hackers can directly shape the news. Adrienne Russell reports on media power from one of the most vibrant corners of the journalism field, the corner where journalists and activists from countries around the world cross digital streams and end up updating media practices and strategies. Russell demonstrates the way the relationship between digital journalism and digital activism has shaped coverage of the online civil liberties movement, the Occupy movement, and the climate change movement. Journalism as Activism explores the ways everyday meaning and the material realities of media power are tied to the communication tools and platforms we have access to, the architectures of digital space we navigate, and our ability to master and modify our media environments.
The advent of digital communication technologies has revolutionized how social movements organize and directly mobilize support from the wider public. Still, activists and movements are aware that pursuing media attention remains crucial to get their message across. Scholarly work on media and social movements has identified a pattern of coverage in mainstream media, coined as the ‘protest paradigm’, that delegitimizes and marginalizes protest movements. While such work has been key to identifying the archetypal devices of representation that characterize the paradigm, no systematic assessment of the prevalence of such devices exists across different causes and contexts. Yet, given the complexity of the current media environment, it is unclear to what extent mainstream media’s treatment of protest groups is invariably negative. Furthermore, along with the evolution of the media environment came many changes in the journalistic practices which underlie the logic of the paradigm, and thus mainstream media discourses around protest are also likely to have diversified. To date, the evolution of mainstream portrayals has not been explored for a broad range of causes but only for specific movements. The same scholarly work has also tended to conclude that adherence to the protest paradigm in protest coverage carries deleterious effects for public support and mobilization. However, much of the work produced under the umbrella of the protest paradigm has relied on early critical theorizations and limited empirical observations to deduce that mainstream portrayals of protest generally depressed public support for protesters and intentions to mobilize. To refine these theorizations, certain boundary conditions should be considered that are likely to shape people’s responses to media portrayals. Among them, prior favorable attitudes have been hypothesized to act as attenuators of the negative effects of the paradigm, while other variables may exacerbate ingroup- and ideology-consistent responses. Finally, the theoretical mechanisms explaining how such effects occur are also unknown. This dissertation addresses the previous research gaps in the literature through a systematic exploration of the relative prevalence and evolution, in mainstream coverage, of representation devices ascribed to the protest paradigm across a broad range of protest types. It also investigates systematic differences between domestic and foreign coverage, as well as variations in coverage across geopolitical contexts. The dissertation also explores how portrayals with high adherence to the paradigm impact protest-related attitudes and evaluations when participants hold prior attitudes on a divisive issue. In doing so, it also adds important theoretical contributions towards understanding the mechanisms explaining negative attitudinal outcomes of exposure by, first empirically testing potential cognitive and affective mediators; and second, by exploring how new information consumption patterns may moderate effects by bringing interpersonal considerations and political affinities to the foreground when people process and interpret media messages. Study 1 explores the evolution of mainstream protest coverage by 5 top US newspapers over the past 2 decades. The study seeks to understand how representations of collective action have evolved with the advent of digital media, particularly social media, and how adherence to protest paradigm varies across multiple protest types and contexts. Study 2 then investigates the effects of higher relative to lower degrees of adherence to the protest paradigm on various outcomes of exposure, namely, protester evaluations, identification with protesters, protest intention, and perceptions of polarization. It also tests the indirect effects of protest paradigm adherence through story credibility judgments and positive and negative emotions, as well as the role of prior attitudes and social sharing in moderating those effects. Together, the studies found that protest paradigm standards of representation were stable over time, that certain protest types are systematically more negatively represented than others, just like foreign conflicts are systematically given worse treatment than domestic protests. Higher adherence to the paradigm causes more negative evaluations of protesters, less identification and lower protest intentions than lower adherence, and, importantly, these effects remain for the most part independent of prior attitudes. The studies highlight the need for a coherent theoretical framework that includes both the media- and citizen- related processes and structures.
Drawing on a range of theoretical and empirical perspectives, this volume examines the roles strategic communications play in creating social media messaging campaigns designed to engage in digital activism. As social activism and engagement continue to rise, individuals have an opportunity to use their agency as creators and consumers to explore issues of identity, diversity, justice, and action through digital activism. This edited volume situates activism and social justice historically and draws parallels to the work of activists in today’s social movements such as modern-day feminism, Black Lives Matter, #MeToo, Missing Murdered Indigenous Women, and We Are All Khaled Said. Each chapter adds an additional filter of nuance, building a complete account of mounting issues through social media movements and at the same time scaffolding the complicated nature of digital collective action. The book will be a useful supplement to courses in public relations, journalism, social media, sociology, political science, diversity, digital activism, and mass communication at both the undergraduate and graduate level.