Download Free Mechanisms Chemistry And Kinetics Of The Anaerobic Biodegradation Of Cis Dichloroethylene And Vinyl Chloride First Annual Progress Report September 15 1996 September 14 1997 Book in PDF and EPUB Free Download. You can read online Mechanisms Chemistry And Kinetics Of The Anaerobic Biodegradation Of Cis Dichloroethylene And Vinyl Chloride First Annual Progress Report September 15 1996 September 14 1997 and write the review.

This three-year project is to study the anaerobic biological conversion of cis-1,2- dichloroethene (cDCE) and vinyl Chloride (VC) to ethene. The study is being conducted in three separate phases, the first to better understand the mechanisms involved in cDCE and VC biodegradation, the second to evaluate the chemistry of the processes involved, and the third, to study factors affecting reaction kinetics. Major funding is being provided by the US Department of Energy, but the DuPont Chemical Company has also agreed to directly cost-share on the project at a rate of $75,000 per year for the three year period. Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) are solvents that are among the most widely occurring organic groundwater contaminants. The biological anaerobic reduction-of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) such as PCE and TCE to cDCE and VC in groundwater was reported in the early 1980s. Further reduction of PCE and its intermediates to ethene was reported in 1989. Several pure cultures of anaerobic bacteria have been found to reductively dehalogenate PCE to cDCE Rates of reduction of PCE and TCE to cDCE are high and the need for electron donor addition for the reactions is small. However, the subsequent reduction of cDCE to VC, and then of VC to the harmless end product, ethene, is much slower and only recently has a pure culture been reported that is capable of reducing cDCE to VC or VC to ethene. There are numerous. reports of such conversions in mixed cultures. The reduction of cDCE and VC to ethene is where basic research is most needed and is the subject of this study.
In the past decade, officials responsible for clean-up of contaminated groundwater have increasingly turned to natural attenuation-essentially allowing naturally occurring processes to reduce the toxic potential of contaminants-versus engineered solutions. This saves both money and headaches. To the people in surrounding communities, though, it can appear that clean-up officials are simply walking away from contaminated sites. When is natural attenuation the appropriate approach to a clean-up? This book presents the consensus of a diverse committee, informed by the views of researchers, regulators, and community activists. The committee reviews the likely effectiveness of natural attenuation with different classes of contaminants-and describes how to evaluate the "footprints" of natural attenuation at a site to determine whether natural processes will provide adequate clean-up. Included are recommendations for regulatory change. The committee emphasizes the importance of the public's belief and attitudes toward remediation and provides guidance on involving community stakeholders throughout the clean-up process. The book explores how contamination occurs, explaining concepts and terms, and includes case studies from the Hanford nuclear site, military bases, as well as other sites. It provides historical background and important data on clean-up processes and goes on to offer critical reviews of 14 published protocols for evaluating natural attenuation.
The first comprehensive guide to one of today's most innovative approaches to environmental contamination Natural attenuation is gaining increasing attention as a nonintrusive, cost-effective alternative to standard remediation techniques for environmental contamination. This landmark work presents the first in-depth examination of the theory, mechanisms, and application of natural attenuation. Written by four internationally recognized leaders in this approach, the book describes both biotic and abiotic natural attenuation processes, focusing on two of the environmental contaminants most frequently encountered in groundwater--fuels and chlorinated solvents. The authors draw on a wealth of combined experience to detail successful techniques for simulating natural attenuation processes and predicting their effectiveness in the field. They also show how natural attenuation works in the real world, using numerous examples and case studies from a wide range of leading-edge projects nationwide involving fuel hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents. Finally, they discuss the evaluation and assessment of natural attenuation and explore the design of long-term monitoring programs. An indispensable reference for anyone working in environmental remediation, Natural Attenuation of Fuels and Chlorinated Solvents in the Subsurface is essential reading for scientists and engineers in a range of industries, as well as state and federal environmental regulators, and professors and graduate students in environmental or chemical engineering.
Across the United States, thousands of hazardous waste sites are contaminated with chemicals that prevent the underlying groundwater from meeting drinking water standards. These include Superfund sites and other facilities that handle and dispose of hazardous waste, active and inactive dry cleaners, and leaking underground storage tanks; many are at federal facilities such as military installations. While many sites have been closed over the past 30 years through cleanup programs run by the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. EPA, and other state and federal agencies, the remaining caseload is much more difficult to address because the nature of the contamination and subsurface conditions make it difficult to achieve drinking water standards in the affected groundwater. Alternatives for Managing the Nation's Complex Contaminated Groundwater Sites estimates that at least 126,000 sites across the U.S. still have contaminated groundwater, and their closure is expected to cost at least $110 billion to $127 billion. About 10 percent of these sites are considered "complex," meaning restoration is unlikely to be achieved in the next 50 to 100 years due to technological limitations. At sites where contaminant concentrations have plateaued at levels above cleanup goals despite active efforts, the report recommends evaluating whether the sites should transition to long-term management, where risks would be monitored and harmful exposures prevented, but at reduced costs.