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This publication provides a comprehensive overview of the prediction, measurement and monitoring of radon releases from NORM residues, including uranium mining and milling residues. It presents factors controlling radon emanation and exhalation from residue materials, repository cover characteristics, methods for predicting radon exhalation flux (including models and the required input parameters and variables), measurement methods for radon concentration in soil gas and for radon exhalation from a surface, and radon monitoring programmes. The publication also includes a case study of radon exhalation from uranium tailings pile at Jaduguda, India, and annexes presenting mathematical development of radon diffusion equations.
This book reviews all the major research accomplishments and summarizes the different applications of radon. It serves as a solid reference book for researchers who are interested in the U-series radionuclides and noble gases as tracers and chronometers. Radon has been widely utilized as a powerful tracer to quantify a number of processes that include gas exchange rates between air and water, submarine groundwater discharge in coastal waters, water exchange between rivers and lakes, ocean circulation, hydrocarbon and uranium exploration. It is also used as an atmospheric tracer for the identification and quantification of air masses and as a tool for earthquake prediction, etc. A significant portion of the book presents state-of-the knowledge on indoor-radon-related health issues. Applications of the decay-series of Rn-222 are presented in a chapter. It serves as a reference and a state-of-the-art resource for researchers who want to learn the different applications of radon in Earth systems.
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Construction (COST Action NORM4Building) discusses the depletion of energy resources and raw materials and its huge impact not only on the building market, but also in the development of new synthetic building materials, whereby the reuse of various (waste) residue streams becomes a necessity. It is based on the outcome of COST Action TU 1301, where scientists, regulators, and representatives from industry have come together to present new findings, sharing knowledge, experiences, and technologies to stimulate research on the reuse of residues containing enhanced concentrates of natural radionuclides (NORM) in tailor-made building materials. Chapters address legislative issues, measurement, and assessment of building materials, physical and chemical aspects, from raw materials, to residues with enhanced concentrations of natural radionuclides (NORM), processes, building products containing NORM, and end-of-life and reuse requirements. - Presents a holistic approach in developing new reuse pathways involving experts on different (technical, chemical, physical, ecological, economical and radiological) aspects of materials - Provides practical guidance that address questions and comments regarding the EU-BSS standards linked to the processing of NORM in building materials - Investigates realistic legislative scenarios - Primarily aimed at industry and actors linked to the industry, but also researchers - Contains a strong international network of expert authors and internal reviewers for each chapter
This textbook presents the principles and methods for the measurement of radioactivity in the environment. In this regard, specific low-level radiation counting and spectrometry or mass spectrometry techniques are discussed, including sources, distribution, levels and dynamics of radioactivity in nature. The author gives an accurate description of the fundamental concepts and laws of radioactivity as well as the different types of detectors and mass spectrometers needed for detection. Special attention is paid to scintillators, semiconductor detectors, and gas ionization detectors. In order to explain radiochemistry, some concepts about chemical separations are introduced as well. The book is meant for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in physics, chemistry or engineering oriented to environmental sciences, and to other disciplines where monitoring of the environment and its management is of great interest.
This book presents state-of-the-art techniques on radon (222Rn) in the environment, including measurement techniques in air, soil and water and its potential applications to various hydrological investigations, especially for water resources development and management. The future directions of its use are also discussed. As a radon tracer can be used to solve hydrological issues, the highlights of this book are useful for stakeholders to achieve UN Sustainable Development Goal 6, which addresses the sustainability of water resources. The most relevant target audiences are hydrologists, hydrogeologists, geologists, environmental scientists, nuclear physicists, hydraulic engineers and academicians, among others. This book also covers health implications of radon and mitigation strategies, thus creating a valuable resource for health physicists working on environmental radiation safety as well.
Uranium for Nuclear Power: Resources, Mining and Transformation to Fuel discusses the nuclear industry and its dependence on a steady supply of competitively priced uranium as a key factor in its long-term sustainability. A better understanding of uranium ore geology and advances in exploration and mining methods will facilitate the discovery and exploitation of new uranium deposits. The practice of efficient, safe, environmentally-benign exploration, mining and milling technologies, and effective site decommissioning and remediation are also fundamental to the public image of nuclear power. This book provides a comprehensive review of developments in these areas. - Provides researchers in academia and industry with an authoritative overview of the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle - Presents a comprehensive and systematic coverage of geology, mining, and conversion to fuel, alternative fuel sources, and the environmental and social aspects - Written by leading experts in the field of nuclear power, uranium mining, milling, and geological exploration who highlight the best practices needed to ensure environmental safety
Seismology has come a long way. Being the scientific study of seismic waves and their allied phenomena, it has entered a multidisciplinary realm. As the main tool, it provides a wealth of information when applied systematically to dig inside the Earth structure. Notwithstanding, the utility of seismic waves has increased manifold. Starting from knowing the epicenter of seismic events, it has influenced mapping of civil engineering structures such as dams and bridges, as well as huge constructions. Although there is no dearth of technical papers in the area of seismic waves, there is an absence of synchronized and recent coherent contents in the direction of seismic waves. The book will be a unique contribution to the field of seismology, with the aim of assimilating theory and practices. It will provide a comprehensive glimpse of recent advancements in this area with a strong unification of theory and practices. The main objective of the book is to present an in-depth analysis of the theory and real implementations of seismic waves as versatile probes that would be integrated with modern and future perspectives. The current and the future strategies to be discussed in the relevant areas of seismic waves will be another boon for readers. This book will cater to the needs of novices, researchers and practitioners. Additionally, the contents of the book will be useful for undergraduate as well as postgraduate students of earth science disciplines.
This report assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. Scientific findings underpin radiation risk evaluation and international protection standards. This report comprises a report with two underpinning scientific annexes. The first annex recapitulates and clarifies the philosophy of science as well as the scientific knowledge for attributing observed health effects in individuals and populations to radiation exposure, and distinguishes between that and inferring risk to individuals and populations from an exposure. The second annex reviews the latest thinking and approaches to quantifying the uncertainties in assessments of risk from radiation exposure, and illustrates these approaches with application to examples that are highly pertinent to radiation protection.