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Previous editions titled: Genealogical books in print
John (ca. 1720-1787), Elias (ca. 1730-1797), and William (b. 1735/7-1801) Garard were brothers. John was married twice, in ca. 1740 to Mehetable (d. 1779/780) and after 1779 in Berrkley County, Virginia to Mary Gray/Snodgrass? (ca. 1862-after 1841). John had 14 children (11 from Mehetable and 3 from Mary). John's brother, Elias, may have been born on Long Island in New York, married Rachel and died in Columbia, Hamilton County, Ohio Territory. Elias and Rachel had seven children; all were born in either Fort Cumberland, Maryland or Frederick County, Virginia. William, the last of the three known brothers, married Joanna (Hannah) in Lawrenceburg, Dearborn County, Indiana. William and Hannah had three children.
The Land Act of 1820 made it possible for settlers to begin to populate the West and added to the confiscation of land from Native Americans. Former landowners – a mix of Native American, African and European ancestry – migrated to the northern frontier and founded at least thirty well-defined free black communities between 1820 and 1850 in the Old Northwest, becoming an important safe haven and beacon of freedom. Its notoriety and size grew as slaves often migrated to these locations after they were granted emancipation in the wills of slave owners who purchased land in the area for them to settle on. The newly free people found sanctuary as these communities were also rumored to shelter runaway slaves in their role as active participants in the Underground Railroad Movement. However, the prosperity of blacks living in these villages angered some of the local whites – many of whom were migrating at the same time and were connected to local law officials and politicians. Archival documents reveal continued acts of terrorism perpetuated against blacks which heightened the importance of the strength of the communities they founded – specifically schools, churches, businesses, and intergenerational family structures—in providing a unified front that allowed them to bond and thrive in an environment that was not always conducive to their survival. Invisible in Plain Sight: Self-Determination Strategies of Free Blacks in the Old Northwest provides a rare detailed examination of an often overlooked piece of the American tapestry. It is perfect reading for history classes in high school and college, as well as for history enthusiasts looking for something new.
Hans Georg Bender, son of Hans Heinrich Bender and Elizabeth Nissley, was born 29 Dec 1699 in Wurttemberg, Rhineland, Pfalz. He married Kathrina Hostetter, daughter of Michael Hostetter and Elizabeth Neff, on 11 Oct 1720. Kathrina was born 11 July 1701. They immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1732. They had 6 children. Kathrina died 10 Dec 1740 at Mount Joy Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Hans married Magdalena Frederick, daughter of Abraham Frederick, on 15 Oct 1741. They had 4 children. Hans died 15 Jan 1767 in Donegal Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. His descendants have lived in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Iowa, Indiana, and other areas in the United States.