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Este libro plantea, de un modo comprensible, los aspectosmás importantes a considerar en el control de plagas y enfermedades forestales. Los agentes nocivos que causan enfermedades a las plantas leñosas en el medio forestal pueden ser bióticos (patógenos) o abióticos, ya sean estos por causas naturales (vientos, incendios, etc.) o bien debidos a las actividades humanas directas (podas, deforestaciones, etc.) e indirectas (contaminaciones). Diferentes animales invertebrados (insectos, ácaros, etc.) actúan como parásitos de árboles y arbustos, formando plagas en el monte cuando eluden los mecanismos naturales que controlan sus poblaciones. El primer capítulo estudiará los agentes que causan daños a las plantas forestales. En el segundo capítulo se analizarán los productos y tratamientos fitosanitarios, así como su peligrosidad para la salud humana o el medio ambiente y los residuos generados por ellos. Los diferentes equipos de aplicación fitosanitaria varían según el método que utilizan para llevar a cabo el tratamiento, así como por la naturaleza física de cada producto químico empleado: sólido-líquido-gaseoso. Los distintos estados físicos en los que se pueden distribuir los productos químicos aplicados a la sanidad vegetal, dan lugar a diversos equipos de tratamiento fitosanitario, que serán tratados en el tercer capítulo. Los productos fitosanitarios tienen la consideración legal de sustancias químicas peligrosas y su aplicación en los montes ha de seguir la normativa vigente respecto a la correcta gestión de los residuos generados y la protección a la salud humana y el medio ambiente, cuyo incumplimiento daría lugar a infracciones y sanciones. El cuarto capítuloabordará esta materia. El quinto y último capítulo transmite los conocimientosbásicos necesarios para estudiar la lucha biológica contras las plagas forestales, así como su normativa.
Problemas fitosanitarios en estructuras reproductivas; Insectos; Microorganismos; Vertebrados; Agentes abióticos; Condiciones fisiologicas; Deteccion de daños; Morfologia general de la semilla; Tipos de daños; Daños por vertebrados; Daños por insetos y acaros; Daños por microorganismos; Daños durante la manipulación; Diagnostico: Insectos y Acaros; Microorganismos; Recuentos monograficos; Manejo de problemas fitosanitarios en fuentes semilleras; Combate mecanico; Combate biologico; Combate genetico; Combate químico; Manejo integrado de plagas en fuentes semilleiras; Manejo de problemas fitosanitarios en semillas forestales; Recoleccion y transporte; Almacenamiento; Tratamientos para la siembra; Medidas legales.
The hosts, descriptions, damage, life cycle, habits, and importance of 54 known cone and seed destroying insects attacking Mexican conifer trees are discussed. Distribution maps and color photos are provided. New species described are three species of Cydia (seedworm), four species of Dioryctria (coneworm), and four species of cone feeding Apolychrosis.
Descended from a long and ancient lineage, tapirs are important tropical forest seed dispersers. However, today, all species of tapirs are threatened to various degrees by habitat destruction and hunting. This action plan was written with wildlife biologists, ecologists, administrators, educators and local conservation officials in mind and is aimed at those countries with tapir populations. It provides a brief natural history of each species and its objective is to aid in their conservation by catalyzing conservation action. In addition, it is hoped that the contents of the plan will stimulate further research into this fascinating group of animals.
The editors of this book, who are world renown for their creativity with entomopathogenic nematodes, have assembled the foremost authorities from four continents to contribute on basic and applied concepts. The authors have taken advantage of this opportunity to express their views to a wide scientific audience. They have combined their international experience so that the latest developments in this fascinating and rapidly expanding field are present in comprehensive manner with diverse topics ranging from biological control theory to organismal and molecular biology.
The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an environment-friendly method of pest control that integrates well into area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programmes. This book takes a generic, thematic, comprehensive, and global approach in describing the principles and practice of the SIT. The strengths and weaknesses, and successes and failures, of the SIT are evaluated openly and fairly from a scientific perspective. The SIT is applicable to some major pests of plant-, animal-, and human-health importance, and criteria are provided to guide in the selection of pests appropriate for the SIT. In the second edition, all aspects of the SIT have been updated and the content considerably expanded. A great variety of subjects is covered, from the history of the SIT to improved prospects for its future application. The major chapters discuss the principles and technical components of applying sterile insects. The four main strategic options in using the SIT — suppression, containment, prevention, and eradication — with examples of each option are described in detail. Other chapters deal with supportive technologies, economic, environmental, and management considerations, and the socio-economic impact of AW-IPM programmes that integrate the SIT. In addition, this second edition includes six new chapters covering the latest developments in the technology: managing pathogens in insect mass-rearing, using symbionts and modern molecular technologies in support of the SIT, applying post-factory nutritional, hormonal, and semiochemical treatments, applying the SIT to eradicate outbreaks of invasive pests, and using the SIT against mosquito vectors of disease. This book will be useful reading for students in animal-, human-, and plant-health courses. The in-depth reviews of all aspects of the SIT and its integration into AW-IPM programmes, complete with extensive lists of scientific references, will be of great value to researchers, teachers, animal-, human-, and plant-health practitioners, and policy makers.