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This book provides an in-depth overview on the functional ecology of daily torpor and hibernation in endothermic mammals and birds. The reader is well introduced to the physiology and thermal energetics of endothermy and underlying different types of torpor. Furthermore, evolution of endothermy as well as reproduction and survival strategies of heterothermic animals in a changing environment are discussed. Endothermic mammals and birds can use internal heat production fueled by ingested food to maintain a high body temperature. As food in the wild is not always available, many birds and mammals periodically abandon energetically costly homeothermic thermoregulation and enter an energy-conserving state of torpor, which is the topic of this book. Daily torpor and hibernation (multiday torpor) in these heterothermic endotherms are the most effective means for energy conservation available to endotherms and are characterized by pronounced temporal and controlled reductions in body temperature, energy expenditure, water loss, and other physiological functions. Hibernators express multiday torpor predominately throughout winter, which substantially enhances winter survival. In contrast, daily heterotherms use daily torpor lasting for several hours usually during the rest phase, some throughout the year. Although torpor is still widely considered to be a specific adaptation of a few cold-climate species, it is used by many animals from all climate zones, including the tropics, and is highly diverse with about 25-50% of all mammals, but fewer birds, estimated to use it. While energy conservation during adverse conditions is an important function of torpor, it is also employed to permit or facilitate energy-demanding processes such as reproduction and growth, especially when food supply is limited. Even migrating birds enter torpor to conserve energy for the next stage of migration, whereas bats may use it to deal with heat. Even though many heterothermic species will be challenged by anthropogenic influences such as habitat destruction, introduced species, novel pathogens and specifically global warming, not all are likely to be affected in the same way. In fact it appears that opportunistic heterotherms because of their highly flexible energy requirements, ability to limit foraging and reduce the risk of predation, and often pronounced longevity, may be better equipped to deal with anthropogenic challenges than homeotherms. In contrast strongly seasonal hibernators, especially those restricted to mountain tops, and those that have to deal with new diseases that are difficult to combat at low body temperatures, are likely to be adversely affected. This book addresses researchers and advanced students in Zoology, Ecology and Veterinary Sciences.
Hibernation and Torpor in Mammals and Birds explores the physiological factors that control hibernation and torpor in birds and mammals. This text covers topics ranging from metabolism in hibernation to the role of endocrines, respiration and acid-base state in hibernation, and theories of hibernation. This book is comprised of 14 chapters and begins with an overview of some clear-cut definitions and why mammals and birds hibernate. The reader is then introduced to the variations from euthermia that have been observed among birds and mammals. To give some structure to this listing, the approach is phylogenetic, starting with the birds and proceeding through the primitive to the more advanced mammals. Subsequent chapters explains the process of entering hibernation and the hibernating state, itself; capability of a species in natural hibernation to arouse from that state using self-generated heat; physiological changes at the start of a spontaneous arousal; and physiological mechanisms underlying the ability of hibernators to rewarm. Consideration is also given to intermediary metabolism in hibernation, cold adaptation of metabolism in hibernators, and the response of hibernators to various extrinsic influences such as neoplastic growth, radiation injury, and parasitism and symbionts. This book will be of interest to students and researchers in fields ranging from zoology to physiology and biophysics.
The bibliography consists of over 2,100 references directly impinging upon natural mammalian hibernation, including a few references to birds and potential hibernators. A cross-referenced subject matter index makes it possible to locate with relative ease articles dealing with specific features of hibernation. The material was assembled over a number of years by detailed examination of library holdings, review literature, abstracting journals, The Zoological Record, B.A.S.I.C., and individual journals, and with the cooperation of fellow researchers in the field of natural mammalian hibernation. The assembled references were checked for their applicability for inclusion in this bibliography, alphabetized by author, and numbered for cross reference indexing. The parameters of the initial charge for making this bibliography have eliminated references to poikilothermous animals and most references to hypothermia, and have been the guidelines used to reduce some 7,000 references to the approximately one-third which finally comprise this bibliography.
This book gives an up-to-date account of the current knowledge of cold adaptation in animals, including phenomena like hibernation, daily torpor, thermoregulation and thermogenesis, metabolic regulation, freeze tolerance, anaerobiosis, metabolic depression and related processes. For the next four years - until the 12th International Hibernation Symposium - it will serve as a state-of-the-art reference source for every scientist and graduate student working in these areas of physiology and zoology.
This review of the control of circulation during hibernation begins with a general description of hibernation as it occurs in various groups of mammals and outlines the difficulties in the physiological study of hibernation. There fol lows a more detailed description of the three phases of hibernation - entering hibernation, in deep hibernation, and waking from the hiber nating state. The bulk of the review concerns research on rodents, which have been the most intensively studied of the animals which hiber nate. It is emphasized that hibernation, at least in this groups, is a precisely controlled series of physiological changes in which the animal maintains a homeostatic condition at all times in spite of profound changes in body temperature.
This book summarises the newest information on seasonal adaptation in animals. Topics include animal hibernation, daily torpor, thermoregulation, heat production, metabolic depression, biochemical adaptations, neurophysiology and energy balance. The contributors to this book present interdisciplinary research at multiple levels ranging from the molecular to the ecophysiological, as well as evolutionary approaches. The chapters of this book provide original data not published elsewhere, which makes it the most up-to-date, comprehensive source of information on these fields. The book’s subchapters correspond to presentations given at the 14th International Hibernation Symposium in August 2012 in Austria. This is a very successful series of symposia (held every four years since 1959) that attracts leading researchers in the field. Like the past symposia, this meeting – and consequently the book – is aimed not only at hibernation but at covering the full range of animal adaptations to seasonal environments. For the next four years, this book will serve as the cutting-edge reference work for graduate students and scientists active in this field of physiology and ecology. .
Mammalian hibernation is commonly thought of as something completely out of the ordinary, a "unique and unorthodox state." The present book takes the opposite view. It argues that the physiological achievements of hibernators do not deEend on special mechanisms but on special use of ordinary mechanisms. It is precisely this that makes the hibernators important. If the hibernators de pend on some unique physiological principle their study is that of a biological curio. But if they are using basic mammalian systems in a quantitatively extreme way, then they are a naturally occurring preparation of enormous potential. Hibernation involves every aspect of the animal's biology from fat metabo lism to behavior, from thermoregulation to dental caries; every system in the body is affected in some way or other by hibernation. A comprehensive account of hibernation would be almost coextensive with an account of the whole of mammalian biology. The present book does not attempt to describe everything that has been discovered about hibernation. Excellent coverage for that already exists in the proceedings of three recent symposia and in the other major source materials listed on page 233. There is in fact an enormous amount of information already available. But there is a difference between information and understanding. Despite the increasing volume of research and growing interest in mammalian hibernation, there is little appreciation of the essential characteristics of the phenomena. The pieces of the puzzle lie scattered.
The study of proteomics provides researchers with a better understanding of disease and physiological processes in animals. Methods in Animal Proteomics will provide animal scientists and veterinarians currently researching these topics in domestic animals a firm foundation in the basics of proteomics methodology, while also reviewing important advances that will be of interest to established researchers in the field. Chapters will provide practical information on a range of topics including protein identification and separation, bioinformatics, and applications to disease and reproduction research. This text will be written by leading international proteomics experts and essential for researchers in the fields of animal biology and veterinary medicine.