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Beginning in the mid-19th century, the forces of social change in Malay gradually gathered momentum and eventually permeated all of Malay society--even reaching those states that still retained their independence. Piecing together contemporary evidence found in official records and in personal reminiscences of Malays and Europeans, this study of Malay social history concerns itself with the position of rulers, the aristocratic class, and the peasant class, and presents a picture of a society grasping for stability in its Islamic faith and its traditions while adapting to a different world.
This is an innovative study of how British Colonial rule and society in Malayan towns and plantations transformed immigrants into British subjects.
Malaysia's multicultural society supports one of the most dynamic economies in Asia. This completely revised new edition of the standard text, first published twenty years ago, traces the history of the country from early times to the present day. The authors give particular attention to the evolution of Malay polities and their close links with indigenous groups who lived on the oceans and in the deep jungles of the region, from Sumatra to Borneo. This provides the background to the establishment of the Malay port of Melaka, which was conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, foreshadowing the establishment of a British colonial regime in the late nineteenth century. Although the large numbers of Chinese and Indian migrants who arrived to work in the tin and rubber industries contributed to economic expansion, colonial policies did not encourage communal interaction. The authors trace the process by which post-independence leaders in Malaya attempted to counter the legacy of ethnic hostility while answering Malay demands for an affirmation of their rights and a stronger commitment to Islam. The incorporation of the Borneo states of Sarawak and Sabah into the Federation of Malaysia in 1963 rendered the goal of welding a nation from areas that were geographically separated and culturally disparate even more problematic. The intense emotions attached to issues of race were made tragically evident in the racial riots of May 1969, which this book sees as a watershed in modern Malaysian history. As Malaysia enters the twenty-first century, the government is determined to oversee the transition to an economy focused on manufacturing and advanced technology, and to eliminate poverty and the association between occupation and race. While several recent studies deal with the impact of colonial rule and Malaysia's spectacular economic transition, this book is unique because it tracks developments from early times and identifies continuities as well as change. Combining the authors' specialist knowledge of precolonial sources with the most recent contemporary research, this new edition reinforces the position of A History of Malaysia position as a standard reference for all those interested in the historical processes which led to the emergence of this culturally varied and economically energetic country.
An Economic History of Malaysia, c.1800-1990 , provides the first general history of the Malaysian economy over the past two centuries, including a survey of the pre-colonial era. A unique feature is that it integrates the historical experiences of Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak as a case study in the onset of modern economic growth. Particular attention is paid to explaining Malaysia's signal success in achieving a relatively smooth shift away from the primary commodity export economy of the colonial period to near-NIC status by 1990.
Just who are ‘the Malays’? This provocative study posesthe question and considers how and why the answers have changedover time, and from one region to another. Anthony Milner developsa sustained argument about ethnicity and identity in an historical,‘Malay’ context. The Malays is a comprehensiveexamination of the origins and development of Malay identity,ethnicity, and consciousness over the past five centuries. Covers the political, economic, and cultural development of theMalays Explores the Malay presence in Brunei, Singapore, Indonesia,Thailand, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, and South Africa, as well as themodern Malay show-state of Malaysia Offers diplomatic speculation about ways Malay ethnicity willdevelop and be challenged in the future
Kuala Lumpur, founded around 1860, has had an eventful history, twice occupied (in 1872 and again in 1942) by enemy forces, and inundated by floods as recently as 1926. Even more remarkable is the improbable rise of a small trading post on a river bank far in the interior, to the proud status of state, then federal, and finally national capital. In tracing the history of Kuala Lumpur (to 1942), the author has drawn a picture of the local communities and their leaders, beginning with the legendary Yap Ah Loy. The people who lived in the town made it what it was at the time, earning their livelihood, and enjoying their traditional amusements and ceremonies. Even in the modern city something of the legacy of the past is preserved - the Lake Gardens, the 'moorish' Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad, and the Railway Station, the mansions of the commercial moguls, and the humbler, but often attractively decorated, shophouses. It is a story, too, of the early rubber boom, and of making the town a healthier place for a better educated population to live in.
The story of Penang would be incomplete without the Big Five Hokkien families (the Khoo, the Cheah, the Yeoh, the Lim, and the Tan). It was the Big Five who played a preponderant role not only in transforming Penang into a regional entrepot and a business and financial base, but also in reconfiguring maritime trading patterns and the business orientation of the region in the nineteenth century. Departing from the colonial vantage point, this book examines a web of transnational, hybrid and fluid networks of the Big Five comprising of family relationship, sworn brotherhood, political alliance and business partnerships, which linked Penang and its surrounding states (western Malay states, southwestern Siam, southern Burma, and the north and eastern coasts of Sumatra) together to form one economically unified geographical region, having inextricable links to China and India. With these intertwining networks, the Big Five succeeded in establishing their dominance in all the major enterprises (trade, shipping, cash crop planting, tin mining, opium revenue farms), which constituted the linchpin of Penang’s and its region’s economy. By disentangling and dissecting this intricate web of networks, this book reveals the rise and decline of the Hokkien mercantile families’ nearly century-long economic ascendancy in Penang and its region. "Wong Yee Tuan’s study of the five clans of Penang represents a major breakthrough in the study of the Malayan Chinese. He documents an extremely important aspect of the nineteenth-century Asian diaspora, exposing the intricate links between families, businesses, secret societies, revenue farms and public life of some of the key groups of Chinese in Penang and northern Malaya. The book weaves together the various strands of overseas Chinese life not only in Malaya, but also in the Netherlands Indies, Siam and China. Most importantly, it shows the process by which the Chinese leaders gained political, economic and social power as well as the way by which these powers were lost." -- Carl A. Trocki, Emeritus Professor, Asian Studies, Queensland University of Technology, Australia "This volume can be situated within a growing historiographical current whereby regional studies of connections, networks and interactions are gradually transcending national histories. Incorporating commercial, ethnic and social elements, the history presented can be concurrently seen as a business case study, a sociological exploration, a political economy treatise and an inquiry into Hokkien networking. Wong Yee Tuan is to be congratulated on this signal study in how local, national and broader regional histories can be integrated." -- Geoffrey Wade, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University "By aligning family, socio-political and business interests, the leading Penang Hokkien clans centralized their 'home port' as a hub of regional commercial networks, thus successfully extending the trading colonies of Chinese diaspora westward to the edge of the Indian Ocean. Wong has fastidiously researched and compellingly proven this, with a clear eye for relevant cross-cultural collaborations with indigenous and international actors. The important legacy of the 'Big Five' clanhouses is now firmly embedded in the George Town World Heritage Site, inciting further inquiry into the cultural formation of collective entrepreneurship in Southeast Asia." -- Khoo Salma Nasution, Heritage Advocate and Local Historian, Penang
Although colonies are often viewed as having been of crucial economic importance to Britain’s empire, those responsible for administering the colonies were often not at all interested in or supportive of commercial ventures, as this book demonstrates. Based on extensive original research, and including detailed case studies of the agricultural and mining sectors in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Malaya, the book examines how administrators and capitalists interacted, showing how administrators were often hostile to business and created barriers to business success. It discusses in particular contradictory colonial government policies, confusion over land grants and conflicts within bureaucratic hierarchies, and outlines the impact of such difficulties, including the failure to attract capital inflows and outright business failures. Overall, the book casts a great deal of light on the detail of how business and government actually worked in Britain’s colonial empire.