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A comprehensive reference for the poultry industry—Volume 2 describes poultry processing from raw meat to final retail products With an unparalleled level of coverage, the Handbook of Poultry Science and Technology provides an up-to-date and comprehensive reference on poultry processing. Volume 2: Secondary Processing covers processing poultry from raw meat to uncooked, cooked or semi-cooked retail products. It includes the scientific, technical, and engineering principles of poultry processing, methods and product categories, product manufacturing and attributes, and sanitation and safety. Volume 2: Secondary Processing is divided into seven parts: Secondary processing of poultry products—an overview Methods in processing poultry products—includes emulsions and gelations; breading and battering; mechanical deboning; marination, cooking, and curing; and non-meat ingredients Product manufacturing—includes canned poultry meat, turkey bacon and sausage, breaded product (nuggets), paste product (pâté), poultry ham, luncheon meat, processed functional egg products, and special dietary products for the elderly, the ill, children, and infants Product quality and sensory attributes—includes texture and tenderness, protein and poultry meat quality, flavors, color, handling refrigerated poultry, and more Engineering principles, operations, and equipment—includes processing equipment, thermal processing, packaging, and more Contaminants, pathogens, analysis, and quality assurance—includes microbial ecology and spoilage in poultry and poultry products; campylobacter; microbiology of ready-to-eat poultry products; and chemical and microbial analysis Safety systems in the United States—includes U.S. sanitation requirements, HACCP, U.S. enforcement tools and mechanisms
Flavour is an important sensory aspect of the overall acceptability of meat products. Whether we accept or reject a food depends primarily on its flavour. Both desirable and undesirable flavour effects are contemplated. Furthermore, threshold values of different flavour-active compounds have an important effect on the cumulative sensory properties of all foods. Meat from different species constitutes a major source of protein for most people. Although raw meat has little flavour and only a blood-like taste, it is a rich reservoir of non-volatile compounds with taste-tactile properties as well as flavour enhancers and aroma precursors. Non-vola tile water-soluble precursors and lipids influence the flavour of meat from different species. In addition, mode of heat processing and the nature of additives used may have a profound effect on the flavour of prepared meats. This book reports the latest advancements in meat flavour research. Following a brief overview, chapters 2 to 5 discuss flavours from different species of meat, namely beef, pork, poultry and mutton. In chapters 6 to 12 the role of meat constituents and processing on flavour are described. The final section of the book (chapters 13 to 15) summarizes analytical methodologies for assessing the flavour quality of meats. I wish to thank all the authors for their cooperative efforts and com mendable contributions which have made this publication possible.
Retitled to reflect expansion of coverage from the first edition, Handbook of Meat and Meat Processing, Second Edition, contains a complete update of materials and nearly twice the number of chapters. Divided into seven parts, the book covers the entire range of issues related to meat and meat processing, from nutrients to techniques for preservation and extending shelf life. Topics discussed include: An overview of the meat-processing industry The basic science of meat, with chapters on muscle biology, meat consumption, and chemistry Meat attributes and characteristics, including color, flavor, quality assessment, analysis, texture, and control of microbial contamination The primary processing of meat, including slaughter, carcass evaluation, and kosher laws Principles and applications in the secondary processing of meat, including breading, curing, fermenting, smoking, and marinating The manufacture of processed meat products such as sausage and ham The safety of meat products and meat workers, including sanitation issues and hazard analysis Drawn from the combined efforts of nearly 100 experts from 16 countries, the book has been carefully vetted to ensure technical accuracy for each topic. This definitive guide to meat and meat products it is a critical tool for all food industry professionals and regulatory personnel.
While muscle foods are the more commonly consumed portion of an animal, animal by-products such as the entrails and internal organs are also widely consumed. This handbook, unique in the world, provides food scientists with a full overview of the tools available for the analysis of these by-products. Known for their superior handbooks on processed meats and poultry, muscle meat, dairy, and seafood, editors Nollet and Todra take the same comprehensive approach. They bring together leading experts who look at the techniques and methodologies for analyzing nutritional and sensory qualities as well as safety, includingthe detection of pathogens and toxins usually found in muscle foods.
Advances in Food Research
Food antioxidants are of primary importance for the preservation of food quality during processing and storage. However, the status of food depends on a balance of antioxidants and prooxidants occurring in food. Food Oxidants and Antioxidants: Chemical, Biological, and Functional Properties provides a single-volume reference on the effects of naturally occurring and process-generated prooxidants and antioxidants on various aspects of food quality. The book begins with a general introduction to oxidation in food and then characterizes the main oxidants present in food, including enzymatic oxidants. Chapters cover oxidation potential, mechanisms of oxidation of the main food components (proteins and lipids), addition of exogenous oxidants during food processing, and the effects of physical agents such as irradiation, freeze-thawing, and high hydrostatic pressure during processing. The book also discusses the effects of oxidation on sensory characteristics of food components and analyzes how oxidation and antioxidants affect the nutritive and health-promoting features of food components. The text examines natural antioxidants in food, including lesser-known ones such as amino acids and polysaccharides, antioxidants generated in food as a result of processing, mechanisms of antioxidant activity, and measurement of antioxidant activity of food components. It explores the bioavailability of curcuminoid and carotenoids antioxidants and presents case studies on natural food antioxidants, presenting novel extraction methods for preservation of antioxidant activity. The final chapters address functional antioxidant foods and beverages as well as general ideas on the effects of food on the redox homeostasis of the organism.
Fatty acids and lipids: structures, extraction and fractionation into classes -- Gas chromatography: theoretical aspects and instrumentation -- Preparation of methyl ester and other derivatives -- Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid derivatives -- Isolation of fatty acids and identification by spectroscopic and chemical degradative techniques -- Gas chromatography--mass spectrometry and fatty acids -- Gas chromatographic analysis of molecular species of lipids -- Alternative or complementary methods for the analysis of molecular species of lipids -- Some miscellaneous separations of lipids by gas chromatography.
Warmed-Over Flavor of Meat discusses related problems and issues on warmed-over flavor (WOF) of meat that contributes to a decrease in sale, meat consumption, and production expansion. WOF is old, stale, rancid, and painty flavor and odor of meat, apparently caused by the catalytic oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Comprised of 10 chapters, the book initially describes the mechanisms of metals' role in the promotion of lipid oxidation. The text also discusses the content and distribution of iron in meat and the evidence concerning the ability of the various forms of iron in meat to promote oxidative degradation of lipids. The subsequent chapters describe the oxidative deterioration in muscle foods and the free radical processes pertinent to autoxidation of foods. A chapter presents evidence for and against heme catalysis of lipid oxidation and the antioxidant role of nitrite in cured meats. The book also considers sensory and instrumental analysis of volatiles and undesirable flavors related to WOF and the isolation and separation of heteroatomic compounds associated with beef flavor. The remaining chapters describe several methodologies for retarding or preventing WOF in meat, focusing on the practical procedure of the Maillard reaction. Lastly, sources of natural antioxidants for meat product preservation are considered. Food scientists, researchers, and manufacturers will find this book invaluable.
Meat is a global product, which is traded between regions, countries and continents. The onus is on producers, manufacturers, transporters and retailers to ensure that an ever-demanding consumer receives a top quality product that is free from contamination. With such a dynamic product and market place, new innovative ways to process, package and assess meat products are being developed. With ever increasing competition and tighter cost margins, industry has shown willingness to engage in seeking novel innovative ways of processing, packaging and assessing meat products while maintaining quality and safety attributes. This book provides a comprehensive overview on the application of novel processing techniques. It represents a standard reference book on novel processing, packaging and assessment methods of meat and meat products. It is part of the IFST Advances in Food Science book series.