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In the aftermath of the Arab Spring, when thousands of young women and men fought for the opportunity to realize their aspirations and potential, the question of jobs continues to be crucial in the Middle East and North Africa region. This report uses jobs as a lens to weave together the complex dynamics of employment creation, skills supply, and the institutional environment of labor markets. Consistent with the framework of the 2013 World Development Report on jobs, of which this report is the regional companion, this work goes beyond the traditional links between jobs, productivity, and living standards to include an understanding of how jobs matter for individual dignity and expectations—an aspect that was clearly central to the Arab Spring. Just as important, this report complements the economic perspective with an analysis of political economy equilibrium, with a view to identifying mechanisms that would trigger a reform process. As such, the report has three objectives: First, it seeks to provide an in-depth characterization of the dynamics of labor markets in the Middle East and North Africa and to analyze the barriers to the creation of more and better jobs. It does so by taking a cross-sectoral approach and identifying the distortions and incentives that the many actors—firms, governments, workers, students, education, and training systems—currently face, and which ultimately determine the equilibrium in labor markets. Second, the report proposes a medium term roadmap of policy options that could promote the robust and inclusive growth needed to tackle the structural employment challenge for the region. Third, the report aims to inform and open up a platform for debate on jobs among a broad set of stakeholders, with the ultimate goal of contributing to reach a shared view of the employment challenges and the reform path ahead.
The last decade has witnessed a conspicuous alteration in policies protecting unemployed people in modern welfare states. Social policies are increasingly designed to encourage economic independence. Policy makers have introduced a wide range of reforms linking disability, unemployment, and welfare programs cash benefits to work-oriented measures. Welfare policies are being framed by a new emphasis on recipients' obligations, emphasizing that the receipt of benefits creates a responsibility to take action towards becoming self-reliant. The objective is to minimize the duration of dependence or improve the well-being of family or community. Activating the Unemployed addresses this growing interest in work-oriented measures. This represents a shift in the dominant discourse on social welfare from focus on the citizen's rights to social benefits to emphasis on their responsibilities to work and lead an active life. In this volume, a distinguished array of international contributors provide cross-cultural perspectives to analyze recent diverse policy initiatives to activate the unemployed in nine countries-Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. Each provides a systematic account of the background, design, implementation, and results of employment-oriented measures. Collectively they permit comparison of organized responses to common problems in the areas of public assistance (welfare), unemployment, and disability, among others. Further chapters seek to broaden perspectives on policy options, the issues raised, and lessons learned in the course of activating the unemployed. This thorough and insightful account addresses significant contemporary issues and concerns about welfare, social security, and unemployment. It will aid policy makers, professionals, and scholars in assessing current trends in welfare in various countries throughout the world. Neil Gilbert is Chernin Professor of Social Services and Social Welfare at the University of California, Berkeley, and Director of the Center for Comparative Study of Family Welfare and Poverty Research. Dr. Gilbert served as a Senior Research Fellow for the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development in Geneva and was twice awarded Fulbright Fellowships to study European social policy. His numerous publications include 22 books and 100 articles that have appeared in the Wall Street Journal, The Public Interest, Society, Commentary, and other leading academic journals. Rebecca Van Voorhis is Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology and Social Work at the State University of California, Hayward.
OECD's 2013 Economic Survey of France examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects and includes special chapters covering taxes and transfers and the economic situation of young people.
The economic and social prospects are daunting for the 89 million out-of-school youth who comprise nearly half of all youth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Within the next decade, when this cohort becomes the core of the labor market, an estimated 40 million more youth will drop out, and will face an uncertain future with limited work and life skills. Furthermore, out-of-school youth often are 'policy orphans,' positioned between sectors with little data, low implementation capacity, lack of interest in long-term sustainability of programs, insufficient funds, and little coordination across the different government agencies. This report provides a diagnostic analysis of the state of out-of-school youth in Sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on the 12- to 24-year-old cohort. This report also examines the decision path youth take as they progress through the education system and the factors that explain youth's school and work choices. It finds that individual and household characteristics, social norms, and characteristics of the school system all matter in understanding why youth drop out and remain out of school. In particular, six key factors characterize out-of-school youth: (i) most out-of-school youth drop out before secondary school; (ii) early marriage for female youth and (iii) rural residence increase the likelihood of being out of school; (iv) parental education level and (v) the number of working adults are important household factors; and (vi) lack of school access and low educational quality are binding supply-side constraints. Policy discussions on out-of-school youth are framed by these six key factors along with three entry points for intervention: retention, remediation, and integration. This report also reviews policies and programs in place for out-of-school youth across the continent. Ultimately, this report aims to inform public discussion, policy formulation, and development practitioners' actions working with youth in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Cette publication est certainement la toute premiere grande syntese tematique et critique sur la condition des personnes socialement vulnérables (PSV) en Afrique. Une excellente brochette de 40 experts et Institutions de differents oavs du continent t deploie un effort d'intelligibilite de ce phenomene devenu oreoccuoant. a travers un Inventaire analvtique complexe. retrospectt. Tactuel. actuel, chittre. ponctuel prospectif et relativement exnaustit. Les differentes contributions sont assorties des recommandations fortes qui interpellent, pour leur application les détenteurs d'enjeu dans une démarche de co-construction pour une citovennete de transtormation active C'est un document de plaidoyer/réquisitoire et de lobbying en faveur de l'aménagement, de la protection et de l'amélioration des conditions sociales des personnes âgées et des personnes handicapées en Afrique autant en matière de santé, d'alimentation, de logement. denvironnement, de protection sociale. que de maintien de revenu. d emplo et denseignement. eu egard a raugmentation croissante de leurs effectts en valeu relative et absolue. a question des personnes socialement vulnerables est ainsi mist en avant-garde des préoccunations politico-sociales et scientifiques importantes voir permanentes. tlle tait robiet d'investigations et de réflexions récurrentes au sein d mecanisme soecia de Union Africaine au est le groupe de raval sur les personnes agee! et les personnes handicapées de la Commission Africaine des Droits de l'Homme et des Peuples. L'assignation matinale et originaire étant de construire des véhicules juridiques psychologiques, socio-antropologiques et portiques afin a amorcer un changement positit et une protection durable des oS. ainsi que des protocoles coutumiers pour leu valorisation dans les cultures et traditions atricaines This publication is certainly the first major thematic and critical synthesis on the condition of socially vulnerable persons (PSV) in Africa. An excellent line-up of 40 experts and institutions from different countries of the continent is making an effort to understand this phenomenon, which has become worrying, through a complex, retrospective, factual, current, quantified, punctual, prospective and relatively exhaustive analytical inventory. The various contributions are accompanied by strong recommendations that challenge the holders of issues for their application in a process of co-construction for an active citizenship of transformation. It is a document of advocacy/indictment and lobbying in favor of the development, protection and improvement of the social conditions of the elderly and persons with disabilities in Africa in terms of health, food, housing, environment, social protection, income maintenance, employment and education, given their increasing numbers in relative and absolute terms. The issue of socially vulnerable people is thus brought to the forefront of important, if not permanent, political-social and scientific concerns. It is the subject of recurrent investigations and reflections within the special mechanism of the African Union, the Working Group on Elderly Persons and Persons with Disabilities of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. The initial assignment is to build legal, psychological, socio-anthropological and political vehicles in order to initiate positive change and sustainable protection of VHPs, as well as customary protocols for their valorization in African cultures and traditions.
This text provides a comparative analysis of school-to-work transitions in EU member states. It shows how differences in both European education and training systems, as well as labour market institutions, generated significant variation in the experiences of young people in the 1990s.
This book proposes a new and original analysis of tourism employment in order to understand the multiple dimensions (economic, cultural, temporal, geographical, etc.) of this cross-cutting sector. It offers an overview of French knowledge, mainly in sociology, anthropology, geography and law, in the light of singular empirical fields. The diversity of disciplinary approaches, methods and questions allows for comparisons between various segments of the tourism employment market in France and with other countries. Based on in-depth case studies, this book will be a valuable resource for students and academics who wish to understand the specificities of tourism employment and the methods for studying them, as well as for professionals in the sector and decision-makers in European tourist destinations who wish to enrich their approaches to these phenomena.
This report provides a detailed diagnosis of the youth labour market in Tunisia, including a focus on vocational education and training and entrepreneurship.