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This book covers the basic elements of difference equations and the tools of difference and sum calculus necessary for studying and solv ing, primarily, ordinary linear difference equations. Examples from various fields are presented clearly in the first chapter, then discussed along with their detailed solutions in Chapters 2-7. The book is in tended mainly as a text for the beginning undergraduate course in difference equations, where the "operational sum calculus" of the di rect use of the discrete Fourier transforms for solving boundary value problems associated with difference equations represents an added new feature compared to other existing books on the subject at this introductory level. This means that in addition to the familiar meth ods of solving difference equations that are covered in Chapter 3, this book emphasizes the use of discrete transforms. It is an attempt to introduce the methods and mechanics of discrete transforms for solv ing ordinary difference equations. The treatment closely parallels what many students have already learned about using the opera tional (integral) calculus of Laplace and Fourier transforms to solve differential equations. As in the continuous case, discrete operational methods may not solve problems that are intractable by other meth ods, but they can facilitate the solution of a large class of discrete initial and boundary value problems. Such operational methods, or what we shall term "operational sum calculus," may be extended eas ily to solve partial difference equations associated with initial and/or boundary value problems.
This text deals with signals, systems, and transforms, from their theoretical mathematical foundations to practical implementation in circuits and computer algorithms. At its conclusion, learners will have a deep understanding of the mathematics and practical issues of signals in continuous and discrete time, linear time invariant systems, convolution, and Fourier transforms.
The theory of partial differential equations is a wide and rapidly developing branch of contemporary mathematics. Problems related to partial differential equations of order higher than one are so diverse that a general theory can hardly be built up. There are several essentially different kinds of differential equations called elliptic, hyperbolic, and parabolic. Regarding the construction of solutions of Cauchy, mixed and boundary value problems, each kind of equation exhibits entirely different properties. Cauchy problems for hyperbolic equations and systems with variable coefficients have been studied in classical works of Petrovskii, Leret, Courant, Gording. Mixed problems for hyperbolic equations were considered by Vishik, Ladyzhenskaya, and that for general two dimensional equations were investigated by Bitsadze, Vishik, Gol'dberg, Ladyzhenskaya, Myshkis, and others. In last decade the theory of solvability on the whole of boundary value problems for nonlinear differential equations has received intensive development. Significant results for nonlinear elliptic and parabolic equations of second order were obtained in works of Gvazava, Ladyzhenskaya, Nakhushev, Oleinik, Skripnik, and others. Concerning the solvability in general of nonlinear hyperbolic equations, which are connected to the theory of local and nonlocal boundary value problems for hyperbolic equations, there are only partial results obtained by Bronshtein, Pokhozhev, Nakhushev.
This book grew out of lecture notes I used in a course on difference equations that I taught at Trinity University for the past five years. The classes were largely pop ulated by juniors and seniors majoring in Mathematics, Engineering, Chemistry, Computer Science, and Physics. This book is intended to be used as a textbook for a course on difference equations at the level of both advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate. It may also be used as a supplement for engineering courses on discrete systems and control theory. The main prerequisites for most of the material in this book are calculus and linear algebra. However, some topics in later chapters may require some rudiments of advanced calculus. Since many of the chapters in the book are independent, the instructor has great flexibility in choosing topics for the first one-semester course. A diagram showing the interdependence of the chapters in the book appears following the preface. This book presents the current state of affairs in many areas such as stability, Z-transform, asymptoticity, oscillations and control theory. However, this book is by no means encyclopedic and does not contain many important topics, such as Numerical Analysis, Combinatorics, Special functions and orthogonal polyno mials, boundary value problems, partial difference equations, chaos theory, and fractals. The nonselection of these topics is dictated not only by the limitations imposed by the elementary nature of this book, but also by the research interest (or lack thereof) of the author.
Difference Equations, Second Edition, presents a practical introduction to this important field of solutions for engineering and the physical sciences. Topic coverage includes numerical analysis, numerical methods, differential equations, combinatorics and discrete modeling. A hallmark of this revision is the diverse application to many subfields of mathematics. Phase plane analysis for systems of two linear equations Use of equations of variation to approximate solutions Fundamental matrices and Floquet theory for periodic systems LaSalle invariance theorem Additional applications: secant line method, Bison problem, juvenile-adult population model, probability theory Appendix on the use of Mathematica for analyzing difference equaitons Exponential generating functions Many new examples and exercises
This book provides an up-to-date information on a number of important topics in Linear Systems.Salient Features:" Introduces discrete systems including Z-transformations in the analysis of Linear Systems including synthesis." Emphasis on Fourier series analysis and applications." Fourier transforms and its applications." Network functions and synthesis with Laplace transforms and applications." Introduction to discrete-time control system." Z-Transformations and its applications." State space analysis of continuous and discrete-time analysis." Discrete transform analysis." A large number of solved and unsolved problems, review questions, MCQs." Index
This work introduces readers to the topic of maximal regularity for difference equations. The authors systematically present the method of maximal regularity, outlining basic linear difference equations along with relevant results. They address recent advances in the field, as well as basic semi group and cosine operator theories in the discrete setting. The authors also identify some open problems that readers may wish to take up for further research. This book is intended for graduate students and researchers in the area of difference equations, particularly those with advance knowledge of and interest in functional analysis.
This book should be accessible to students who have had a first course in matrix theory. The existence and uniqueness theorem of Chapter 4 requires the implicit function theorem, but we give a self-contained constructive proof ofthat theorem. The reader willing to accept the implicit function theorem can read the book without an advanced calculus background. Chapter 8 uses the Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse, but is accessible to students who have facility with matrices. Exercises are placed at those points in the text where they are relevant. For U. S. universities, we intend for the book to be used at the senior undergraduate level or beginning graduate level. Chapter 2, which is on continued fractions, is not essential to the material of the remaining chapters, but is intimately related to the remaining material. Continued fractions provide closed form representations of the extreme solutions of some discrete matrix Riccati equations. Continued fractions solution methods for Riccati difference equations provide an approach analogous to series solution methods for linear differential equations. The book develops several topics which have not been available at this level. In particular, the material of the chapters on continued fractions (Chapter 2), symplectic systems (Chapter 3), and discrete variational theory (Chapter 4) summarize recent literature. Similarly, the material on transforming Riccati equations presented in Chapter 3 gives a self-contained unification of various forms of Riccati equations. Motivation for our approach to difference equations came from the work of Harris, Vaughan, Hartman, Reid, Patula, Hooker, Erbe & Van, and Bohner.
Integrating both classical and modern treatments of difference equations, this book contains the most updated and comprehensive material on stability, Z-transform, discrete control theory, asymptotic theory, continued fractions and orthogonal polynomials. While the presentation is simple enough for use by advanced undergraduates and beginning graduates in mathematics, engineering science, and economics, it will also be a useful reference for scientists and engineers interested in discrete mathematical models. The text covers a large set of applications in a variety of disciplines, including neural networks, feedback control, Markov chains, trade models, heat transfer, propagation of plants, epidemic models and host-parasitoid systems, with each section rounded off by an extensive and highly selected set of exercises.
A must-read for mathematicians, scientists and engineers who want to understand difference equations and discrete dynamics Contains the most complete and comprehenive analysis of the stability of one-dimensional maps or first order difference equations. Has an extensive number of applications in a variety of fields from neural network to host-parasitoid systems. Includes chapters on continued fractions, orthogonal polynomials and asymptotics. Lucid and transparent writing style