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This report presents a cost analysis of Linear Alpha Olefins (LAO) production from ethylene. The process examined is similar to Shell Higher Olefins Process (SHOP). In this process, ethylene is oligomerized to produce Linear Alpha Olefins ranging from C4 to C20. This report examines one-time costs associated with the construction of a United States-based plant and the continuing costs associated with the daily operation of such a plant. More specifically, it discusses: * Capital Investment, broken down by: - Total fixed capital required, divided in production unit (ISBL); infrastructure (OSBL) and contingency - Alternative perspective on the total fixed capital, divided in direct costs, indirect costs and contingency - Working capital and costs incurred during industrial plant commissioning and start-up * Production cost, broken down by: - Manufacturing variable costs (raw materials, utilities) - Manufacturing fixed costs (maintenance costs, operating charges, plant overhead, local taxes and insurance) - Depreciation and corporate overhead costs * Raw materials consumption, products generation and labor requirements * Process block flow diagram and description of industrial site installations (production unit and infrastructure) This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): "Olefins, Higher", Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th edition Keywords: Ethene, Ethylene Oligomerization, Internal Olefins
This report presents a cost analysis of 1-Hexene production from ethylene. The process examined is similar to the trimerization process owned by Chevron Phillips. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): US Patent 6455648, issued to Chevron Philips Chemical Company in 2002 Keywords: Linear Alpha Olefins, LAO, Ethylene, Trimerization, Chevron Phillips
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The bible of gas chromatography-offering everything the professional and the novice need to know about running, maintaining, and interpreting the results from GC Analytical chemists, technicians, and scientists in allied disciplines have come to regard Modern Practice of Gas Chomatography as the standard reference in gas chromatography. In addition to serving as an invaluable reference for the experienced practitioner, this bestselling work provides the beginner with a solid understanding of gas chromatographic theory and basic techniques. This new Fourth Edition incorporates the most recent developments in the field, including entirely new chapters on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS); optimization of separations and computer assistance; high speed or fast gas chromatography; mobile phase requirements: gas system requirements and sample preparation techniques; qualitative and quantitative analysis by GC; updated information on detectors; validation and QA/QC of chromatographic methods; and useful hints for good gas chromatography. As in previous editions, contributing authors have been chosen for their expertise and active participation in their respective areas. Modern Practice of Gas Chromatography, Fourth Edition presents a well-rounded and comprehensive overview of the current state of this important technology, providing a practical reference that will greatly appeal to both experienced chomatographers and novices.
Oil field chemicals are gaining increasing importance, as the resources of crude oil are decreasing. An increasing demand of more sophisticated methods in the exploitation of the natural resources emerges for this reason. This book reviews the progress in the area of oil field chemicals and additives of the last decade from a rather chemical view. The material presented is a compilation from the literature by screening critically approximately 20,000 references. The text is ordered according to applications, just in the way how the jobs are emerging in practice. It starts with drilling, goes to productions and ends with oil spill. Several chemicals are used in multiple disciplines, and to those separate chapters are devoted. Two index registers are available, an index of chemical substances and a general index.* Gives an introduction to the chemically orientated petroleum engineer.* Provides the petroleum engineer involved with research and development with a quick reference tool. * Covers interdisciplinary matter, i.e. connects petroleum recovery and handling with chemical aspects.
Dear Colleagues, Polymer biointerfaces are considered a suitable alternative to the improvement and development of numerous applications. The optimization of polymer surface properties can control several biological processes, such as cell adhesion, proliferation, viability, and enhanced extracellular matrix secretion functions at biointerfaces. This printed Special Issue on Polymer Biointerfaces is focused on fundamental and applied research on polymers and systems with biological origin. Submissions contain both polymer material background and descriptions of interacting biological phenomena or relevance to prospective applications in biomedical, biochemical, biophysical, biotechnological, food, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic fields. Special attention has been given to polymer bio-surface modification, bio-coatings, cell–polymer surface interactions, self-assembling monolayers on polymers, in-vivo and in-vitro systems, protein–polymer surface interaction, polysaccharide–polymer interactions, biotribology, bio chip, biosensors, nano-bio interfaces, coatings, biofilms, adhesion phenomena, and molecular recognition, among others. Assoc. Prof. Marián LehockýAssoc. Prof. Petr HumpolíčekGuest Editors
This report presents a cost analysis of Linear Alpha Olefins (LAO) production from ethylene. The process examined is similar to Chevron Phillips process. In this process, ethylene is oligomerized to produce Linear Alpha Olefins ranging from C4 to C30+. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) "Olefins, Higher", Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th edition (2) US Patent 5510556, issued to Chevron in 1996 Keywords: Ethene, Ethylene Oligomerization, Gulf Oil Chemicals Company
This report presents a cost analysis of Linear Alpha Olefins (LAO) production from ethylene The process examined is similar to Alpha-SABLIN process (jointly developed by SABIC and Linde). In this process, ethylene is oligomerized to produce Linear Alpha Olefins ranging from C4 to C12+. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): US Patent 20090216057, issued to Sabic in 2009 Keywords: Ethene, Ethylene Oligomerization, Zirconium Compound Catalyst
This report presents a cost analysis of Linear Alpha Olefins (LAO) production from ethylene. The process examined is similar to INEOS process. In this process, Linear Alpha Olefins ranging from C4 to C16 are generated. Ethylene oligomerization is carried out in a reaction with triethylaluminum (TEA) produced on site, increasing the chain of the alkyls bonded aluminum. After some purification steps, the reaction product is reacted once again with ethylene, in such a way that ethylene displaces the long chains bonded to aluminum, generating the target Linear Alpha Olefins and regenerating TEA in its original form. TEA is purified and recycled. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) "Olefins, Higher", Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th edition (2) US Patent 4935569, issued to Ethyl Corporation in 1990 Keywords: Ethene, Ethylene Oligomerization, Two-Step Ziegler Process, Ethyl Corporation, BP Amoco, Albemarle Corporation, Triethylaluminum, TEA