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Depuis les années 1980, de plus en plus de pays ont opté pour une économie de marché et un régime politique de type démocratique et ce, indépendamment de leur « niveau de développement ». Pourtant, marché et démocratie ne sont pas directement compatibles. Si tous deux reposent sur les principes de liberté et d’égalité, le premier mise sur le pouvoir émancipateur du marché libre, alors que la seconde suppose une certaine égalité des conditions de vie. Une lecture croisée de cas européens et latino-américains illustre cette problématique commune, en même temps que la diversité des systèmes de médiations solidaires entre marché et démocratie. Les solidarités, qu’elles soient enracinées dans des structures familiales ou communautaires, instituées dans des systèmes de protection sociale ou organisées dans des groupes de producteurs ou de consommateurs de l’économie solidaire, créent en effet des interdépendances qui amortissent les tensions entre marché et démocratie. En développant cette analyse socioéconomique, Isabelle Hillenkamp propose une approche novatrice des questions de développement. Par des données récoltées auprès d’organisations d’économie solidaire et de nombreux autres acteurs en Bolivie, elle apporte des réponses ancrées dans la complexité d’un terrain de recherche. Isabelle Hillenkamp est titulaire d’un doctorat en études du développement de l’Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement, à Genève. A partir d’enquêtes en Amérique latine, ses travaux portent sur l’économie populaire et solidaire, qu’elle aborde dans une perspective socioéconomique, attentive aux liens entre pratiques économiques et rapports sociaux. Elle est chargée de recherche à l’Institut de recherche pour le développement, en France. Table des matières Introduction, L’économie solidaire en Bolivie, Entre marché et démocratie, Du pluralisme économique à la démocratisation I. Solidarité, marché et démocratie : une problématique européenne et latino-américaine II. Les organisations boliviennes d’économie solidaire : réciprocité et redistribution III. Les organisations boliviennes d’économie solidaire face aux marchés IV. Réciprocité, marché et démocratie : des tensions fondamentales V. La démocratisation de l’économie Ils en ont parlé Présentation du livre dans L'AGEFI, quotidien de l'Agence économique et financière à Genève Critique du livre sur le site Alterinfos, América Latina
Ce travail porte sur la dynamique des systèmes sociaux fondés sur le marché et la démocratie. L'examen de tels systèmes situés en Europe et en Amérique latine montre qu'en l'absence de solidarités, nécessairement exogènes, ces systèmes sont instables. Des solidarités utiles à la stabilisation peuvent en revanche surgir de pratiques économiques plurielles, articulant les principes de réciprocité, de redistribution et d'échange marchand révélés par Karl Polanyi. La réciprocité permet notamment une forme de solidarité entre personnes égales mais différentes, compatible avec la démocratie. Partant d'un pays, la Bolivie, où le système de démocratie de marché issu des réformes des années 1980 a été violememnt contesté, la thèse étudie des organisations de producteurs prétendant pratiquer une économie "solidaire". Elle montre comment ce mouvement peut mener à une décocratisation de l'économie marchande favorable au développement ou au contraire à une fragmentation des demandes trouvant une justification dans le pluralisme démocratique.
This book contributes to timely debates on the conditions of resistance and changes with the aim to offer a ray of hope in times of ecological, economic, social and democracy crisis worldwide. In the context of the crisis of social reproduction, impoverishment and growing inequalities, myriads of women-led grass-root initiatives are bubbling up. They reorganize social reproduction; redefine the meaning of work and value; explore new ways of doing economics and politics; construct solidarity-driven social relationships and combat their subordination. In doing so, these initiatives challenge the patriarchal, financialized and dehumanizing capitalist system and offer transformative, sustainable paths for feminist social change. Drawing on fine-grained ethnographies in Latin America and India, this book sheds light on women’s daily struggles, their difficulties, contradictions, fragilities, and also their successes and achievements. This book seeks to inspire activists, researchers and policy-makers in the field of feminism and solidarity economy to contribute to amplifying the movement, which rests on the articulation of the various initiatives.
Consumer society is an unquestionably complex social construct. However, after decades of unremitting dominance there are signs emerging that it is starting to falter, both as a coherent and durable system of social organization and as a strategy for societal advancement. Debates concerning how we can transition beyond present energy- and materials-intensive consumer society are beginning to gain greater salience. Social Change and the Coming of Post-Consumer Society aims to develop more complete appreciation of the relevant processes of social change and to identify effective interventions that could enable a transition to supersede consumer society. Bringing together leading interdisciplinary experts on social change, the book identifies and analyzes several ongoing small- and modest-scale social experiments. Possibilities for macro-scale change from the interlinked perspectives of culture, economics, finance, and governance are then explored. These contributions expose the systemic problems that are emblematic of the current condition of consumer society, specifically the unsustainability of prevailing consumption practices and lifestyles and the persistence of inequalities. These observations are summarized and extended in the final chapter of the book. This volume will be of great interest to students and scholars of sustainable consumption, sustainability transitions, environmental sociology, and sustainable development.
Despite various decades of research and claim-making by feminist scholars and movements, gender remains an overlooked area in development studies. Looking at key issues in development studies through the prisms of gender and feminism, the authors demonstrate that gender is an indispensable tool for social change.
The integration of technology into entrepreneurial initiatives has led to the use of online communities to raise funds for projects and ventures. Through the use of social media platforms and the social web, crowdfunding has provided an innovative, large-scale fundraising solution for both personal and professional initiatives. Strategic Approaches to Successful Crowdfunding brings together a collection of research-based chapters relating to the use of the social web to raise funds and provide financial support for start-up companies, individual pursuits, and philanthropic endeavors. Focusing on a diverse set of topics relating to e-commerce, capital investment, peer-to-peer lending, digital philanthropy, and virtual communities, this timely publication is an essential reference source for academicians, researchers, professionals, and graduate students interested in understanding the dynamics, best practices, and managerial solutions for drawing funds and financial support from online communities.
How can we design more sustainable industrial and urban systems that reduce environmental impacts while supporting a high quality of life for everyone? What progress has been made towards reducing resource use and waste, and what are the prospects for more resilient, material-efficient economies? What are the environmental and social impacts of global supply chains and how can they be measured and improved? Such questions are at the heart of the emerging discipline of industrial ecology, covered in Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology. Leading authors, researchers and practitioners review how far industrial ecology has developed and current issues and concerns, with illustrations of what the industrial ecology paradigm has achieved in public policy, corporate strategy and industrial practice. It provides an introduction for students coming to industrial ecology and for professionals who wish to understand what industrial ecology can offer, a reference for researchers and practitioners and a source of case studies for teachers.
In the past decades, social enterprise has been an emerging field of research. Its main frameworks have been provided by Occidental approaches. Mainly based on an organizational vision, they give little or no room to questions such as gender, race, colonialism, class, power relations and intertwined forms of inequality. However, a wide range of worldwide hidden, popular initiatives can be considered as another form of social enterprises based on solidarity, re-embedding the economy as well as broadening the political scope. This has been shown in a previous book: Civil Society, the Third Sector, and Social Enterprise: Governance and Democracy. Thus, to be more than a fashion or a fictitious panacea, the concept of social enterprise needs to be debated. Southern realities cannot be only understood through imported categories and outside modeled guidelines. This book engages a multicontinental and pluridisciplinary discussion in order to provide a pluralist theory of social enterprise. The book will be of interest to researchers, academics and students in the fields of social entrepreneurship, social innovation, development studies, management studies and social work.
“A thoughtful, ingenious, speculative book, a pleasure to read and to reread. No one interested in the history of women and the family, and in Victorian civilization as a whole, can afford to miss it.” —Journal of American History
In the absence of a widely accepted and common definition of social enterprise (SE), a large research project, the International Comparative Social Enterprise Models (ICSEM) Project, was carried out over a five-year period; it involved more than 200 researchers from 55 countries and relied on bottom-up approaches to capture the SE phenomenon. This strategy made it possible to take into account and give legitimacy to locally embedded approaches, thus resulting in an analysis encompassing a wide diversity of social enterprises, while simultaneously allowing for the identification of major SE models to delineate the field on common grounds at the international level. These SE models reveal or confirm an overall trend towards new ways of sharing the responsibility for the common good in today's economies and societies. We tend to consider as good news the fact that social enterprises actually stem from all parts of the economy. Indeed, societies are facing many complex challenges at all levels, from the local to the global level. The diversity and internal variety of SE models are a sign of a broadly shared willingness to develop appropriate although sometimes embryonic--responses to these challenges, on the basis of innovative economic/business models driven by a social mission. In spite of their weaknesses, social enterprises may be seen as advocates for and vehicles of the general interest across the whole economy. Of course, the debate about privatisation, deregulation and globalised market competition--all factors that may hinder efforts in the search for the common good-has to be addressed as well. The second of a series of four ICSEM books, Social Enterprise in Latin America will serve as a key reference and resource for teachers, researchers, students, experts, policy makers, journalists and other categories of people who want to acquire a broad understanding of the phenomena of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship as they emerge and develop across the world.