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Here is practical advice for anyone who wants to build their business by selling overseas. The International Trade Administration covers key topics such as marketing, legal issues, customs, and more. With real-life examples and a full index, A Basic Guide to Exporting provides expert advice and practical solutions to meet all of your exporting needs.
Abstract: Fafchamps, Hamine, and Zeufack test two alternative models of learning to export: productivity learning, whereby firms learn to reduce production costs, and market learning, whereby firms learn to design products that appeal to foreign consumers. Using panel and cross-section data on Moroccan manufacturers, the authors uncover evidence of market learning but little evidence of productivity learning. These findings are consistent with the concentration of Moroccan manufacturing exports in consumer items"the garment, textile, and leather sectors. It is the young firms that export. Most do so immediately after creation. The authors also find that, among exporters, new products are exported very rapidly after production has begun. The share of exported output nevertheless increases for 2-3 years after a new product is introduced. Old firms are unlikely to switch to exports, even in response to changes in macroeconomic incentives. The authors find a positive relationship between exports and productivity and conclude that it is the result of self-selection: it is the more productive firms that move into exports. Policy implications are discussed. This paper"a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group"is part of a larger effort in the group to investigate the microeconomic foundations of export and growth performance using plant-level data. The authors may be contacted at marcel.fafchamps@@economics.ox.ac.uk or azeufack@@worldbank.org.
International trade in 2009 is projected to contract for the first time since 1982. As a result, export diversifi cation has gained new urgency as one way of using exports to recover lost growth momentum. Moreover, diversifi cation is central to reducing income volatility and sustaining high growth rates, which are especially important for countries with large populations living in poverty. In the 1950s, countries became concerned that their dependence on primary products would lead to steady falls in the purchasing power of primary exports and thus slow growth. A major policy objective of developing countries since that time has been to diversify out of primary products into manufactures. Although some nations have been at least partially successful, many low-income countries remain dependent on a narrow range of primary products. 'Breaking Into New Markets' argues for a comprehensive view of diversifi cation. It explores new thinking and evidence about export diversifi cation and elaborates on policies for its promotion. These policies span tariffs and taxes, services, and government activities to help fi rms take advantage of global opportunities. The book is a compilation of chapters written as short, policy-focused pieces. Many digest longer, more academic papers in an effort to make the information accessible to a larger policy and nontechnical audience. In that sense, the book is a policy primer on what export diversifi cation can and cannot do for growth and how to make diversifi cation happen. Intelligently designed policies that effi ciently address the obstacles to export growth are critical for overall economic growth and poverty reduction. This book offers insights useful to policy makers and practitioners as they embark on efforts to design new programs of competitiveness in their trade strategies.
Firm productivity and export decisions are closely related to innovation activity. Innovation may play a more important role in the decision to start exporting, and successful exporting may drive process innovation. This suggests that the causality between innovation and exporting may run in both directions. Using detailed microdata from innovation surveys, industrial production surveys, and trade information for Slovenian firms in 1996-2002, we investigate the bidirectional causal relationship between firm innovation and export activity. We find no evidence for the hypothesis that either product or process innovations increase the probability of becoming a first-time exporter, but we do find evidence in both the innovation survey and the industrial production survey that exporting leads to productivity improvements. These, however, are likely to be related to process rather than product innovations, and are observed only in a sample of medium and large first-time exporters. This finding makes a case in favour of the learning-by-exporting hypothesis by demonstrating that these learning effects from exporting occur through the mechanism of process innovation enhancing firm technical efficiency.
Learn how your business can tap into foreign markets In Export Now, two international business experts reveal the secrets to taking your company global. Offering a real-life strategy that businesses of any size can use to expand their reach around the world, this book is the ultimate guide to identifying, evaluating, and profiting from global opportunities. Essential reading for any company looking to expand abroad, the book explains the five essentials of international growth. All businesses know they need to get into new markets, but the lack of familiarity, the cultural and language gaps, and the differences in business practices can be intimidating—this book solves these problems, giving you everything you need to grow. The ultimate handbook for any business looking to go global Explains the five essentials of international expansion Written by two experts with years of experience building global businesses around the world Guiding you through the how to's of going global, Export Now is your one-stop resource for expanding your business overseas.
Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures is the first book on the market to truly serve the needs of the academic/professional audience, going beyond the usual soft coverage of international trade operations. Discussing theoretical issues in depth, such as the role of exports/imports in the global economy and pertinent regulatory and policy issues, this innovative text offers comprehensive explorations of import processes as well as export activities and incorporates the most relevant and current research information in these areas. New to this edition are important discussions of trends in regional integration agreements, international transfer pricing, terms of sale, US export regulations, export financing programs, and more Expanded coverage in this edition of topics such as taxation of international trade operations, export counseling, export channels of distribution, export sales contracts, transportation, import procedures and techniques and more Other topics include: Exploration of trade agreements such as the GATT/WTO, NAFTA, and the European Economic Community (EEC), and how they affect trade In-depth treatment of investment and intellectual property policies, rules on government procurements, safeguard, and services of NAFTA Documentation, risks, and different forms of insurance, as well as assessing the risks of foreign trade Price setting in international trade, export sales contracts, exchange rates, methods of payment for exporting and importing goods, the benefits and theories of countertrade, the entry process for imports, and import relief to domestic industry Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures, Second Edition combines an innovative conceptual and theoretical approach, a deep and broad analytical treatment, and an engaging and accessible presentation style to offer one of the most useful textbooks on the market for students and practitioners alike. Further instructors' materials can be accessed via www.nova.edu/~seyoum
Export & Import - Winning in the Global Marketplace is a practical handbook for how to do international business. It suits both the person who is new to the game as well as representatives of business organizations who want to improve their skills for a more advanced professional approach. The book takes the reader step by step through most challenges such as culture, women in international business, researching market information, finding and activating a foreign representative, setting up distribution channels, export pricing, shipping, how to get paid, dealing with different currencies, adapting products/services, sales material and organizations to new markets, legalities, staff training and much more. The text contains hundreds of real-life examples from the author's over 40 years of experience conducting international business in about 100 countries. It also presents case studies from other business people and organizations. Most chapters are divided into two sections. The first delivers basic information and the second, more detailed coverage of the chapter topic. Each chapter has a summary, checklists, and exercises that allow the reader to apply what has been learned as they answer the questions. Also included are links to relevant web sites. At the end of the book is an extensive list of links that readers can consult for more information. The book provides information about international markets in easily understandable language, with step-by-step approaches for every element of business activities, clear descriptions and facts along with hundreds of real-life examples, how to find and activate a foreign business partner and the differences between doing business in a variety of markets. The content and learning concepts have been tested and proven. Hundreds of international companies and more than 5000 students and executives have participated in Export Pro Inc.'s educational and professional development programs and used other books written by Leif Holmvall. For sample pages of the book and a list of the contents, visit www.exportpro.com. A teacher's handbook will be available late 2011.
The ultimate guide to navigating the increasingly complicated world of export and import guidelines. International business is more complex today than ever before, from customs and export control requirements, and distributors versus agents to payment mechanisms, insurance, and transportation. Featuring dozens of sample contracts, procedures, checklists, and ready-to-use forms, Export/Import Procedures and Documentation is an authoritative voice in the ever-changing, often-confusing world of international laws and regulations. This revised fifth edition contains new and expanded information on topics including: Corporate oversight and compliance Valuation The Export Control Reform Act Licensing requirements and exceptions International Commerce Trade Terminology The shifting definition of “Country of Origin” Specialized exporting and importing, and more! You no longer have to worry about all the dos, don’ts, and details of the vast world of importing/exporting. Export/Import Procedures and Documentation has done it for you already.
Although Latin American and Caribbean countries have assigned a high priority to increasing exports, export performance in most cases remains deficient. This work investigates why this is so, identifying the policies that determine successes and failures in Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico.
Does what economies export matter for development? If so, can industrial policies improve on the export basket generated by the market? This book approaches these questions from a variety of conceptual and policy viewpoints. Reviewing the theoretical arguments in favor of industrial policies, the authors first ask whether existing indicators allow policy makers to identify growth-promoting sectors with confidence. To this end, they assess, and ultimately cast doubt upon, the reliability of many popular indicators advocated by proponents of industrial policy. Second, and central to their critique, the authors document extraordinary differences in the performance of countries exporting seemingly identical products, be they natural resources or 'high-tech' goods. Further, they argue that globalization has so fragmented the production process that even talking about exported goods as opposed to tasks may be misleading. Reviewing evidence from history and from around the world, the authors conclude that policy makers should focus less on what is produced, and more on how it is produced. They analyze alternative approaches to picking winners but conclude by favoring 'horizontal-ish' policies--for instance, those that build human capital or foment innovation in existing and future products—that only incidentally favor some sectors over others.