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LA DISTINCTION "OBLIGATIONS DE RESULTAT-OBLIGATIONS DE MOYENS", FONDEE SUR L'OBJET DU CONTRAT, A INDUIT, PENDANT PLUSIEURS DECENNIES, UN REGIME DISTINCT TANT EN CE QUI CONCERNE LES CAUSES D'EXONERATION QU'EN CE QUI CONCERNE LE FARDEAU DE LA PREUVE. CONCERNANT LES CAUSES D'EXONERATION : LE DEBITEUR D'UNE OBLIGATION DE RESULTAT NE POUVAIT ETRE EXONERE QUE PAR LA CAUSE ETRANGERE DE L'ARTICLE 1147 DU CODE CIVIL, LIMITEE PAR LA JURISPRUDENCE A LA FORCE MAJEURE ET AU CAS FORTUIT DE L'ARTICLE 1148, AINSI QU'AU FAIT D'UN TIERS ET A LA FAUTE DE LA VICTIME (EN L'OCCURRENCE LE CREANCIER). QUANT AU DEBITEUR D'UNE OBLIGATION DE MOYENS, C'EST SON ABSENCE DE FAUTE QUI ETAIT LA CAUSE D'EXONERATION EN CAS D'INEXECUTION OU DE MAUVAISE EXECUTION DE SA PRESTATION. CONCERNANT LE FARDEAU DE LA PREUVE : C'ETAIT AU DEBITEUR DE L'OBLIGATION DE RESULTAT DE RAPPORTER LA PREUVE DE LA CAUSE D'EXONERATION QU'IL INVOQUAIT ; EN REVANCHE, EN MATIERE D'OBLIGATION DE MOYENS LA CHARGE DE LA PREUVE DE LA FAUTE DU DEBITEUR INCOMBAIT AU CREANCIER. CETTE DIFFERENCE DE TRAITEMENT DU DEBITEUR D'UNE OBLIGATION CONTRACTUELLE INEXECUTEE ETAIT DAVANTAGE FONDEE SUR UNE THEORIE DOCTRINALE QUE SUR LES TEXTES, EN FAVORISANT LE DEBITEUR D'UNE OBLIGATION DE MOYENS AU PRETEXTE QU'IL N'ETAIT TENU, AUX TERMES DE L'ARTICLE 1137 DU CODE CIVIL, QU'AUX DILIGENCES D'UN BON PERE DE FAMILLE. CETTE ETUDE TEND A DEMONTRER, TOUT D'ABORD, QUE LA NOTION DE "BON PERE DE FAMILLE", QUI FONDE L'OBLIGATION DE MOYENS, DEFINIT DAVANTAGE UNE REGLE DE FOND QU'UN REGIME JURIDIQUE ET QUE BIEN DES TEXTES QUI L'EVOQUENT IMPOSENT, CEPENDANT, UN REGIME DE L'INEXECUTION DE L'OBLIGATION CONTRACTUELLE CLASSIQUEMENT RESERVE AUX OBLIGATIONS DE RESULTAT, TANT EN CE QUI CONCERNE LES CAUSES D'EXONERATION QUE LE FARDEAU DE LA PREUVE. CETTE RECHERCHE ETABLIT, ENSUITE, QUE L'EXCLUSION DE L'ABSENCE DE FAUTE DU DOMAINE D'APPLICATION DE LA CAUSE ETRANGERE DE L'ARTICLE 1147 DU CODE CIVIL N'A AUCUN FONDEMENT JURIDIQUE. ELLE DEMONTRE ENFIN QUE LORSQUE LA LOI NE REGLEMENTE PAS LA CHARGE DE LA PREUVE, C'EST AUX ARTICLES 1315 ET 1147 DU CODE CIVIL QU'IL FAUT SE REFERER, TEXTES QUI METTENT LE FARDEAU DE LA PREUVE SUR LES EPAULES DU DEBITEUR. CETTE DEMONSTRATION REPOSE SUR L'EVOLUTION DE LA JURISPRUDENCE.
The Association Henri Capitant des Amis de la Culture Juridique Française and the Société de législation comparée joined the academic network on European Contract Law in 2005 to work on the elaboration of a "common terminology" and on "guiding principles" as well as to propose a revised version of the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL). The results of this work were sent to the European Commission and have already been published in French. The English translation is now being published by sellier.elp. This work could contribute to the wider European project. The part on the guiding principles could be a component of the CFR, in the form of "black letter" model rules or recitals. The part on terminology is, in itself, useful for the elaboration of the final various linguistic versions of the CFR. It finds its place within the materials which will accompany the model rules. Last but by no means least, the revised version of the PECL should be considered by the European institutions as an alternative set of model rules on contract law.
Essays on the consequences of contractual failure by leading commercial lawyers from the common law world.
"The book contains a collection of articles on the European Union and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), the Eurosystem, monetary law, central bank independence and central bank statutes as well as on financial law. The authors are current or former members of the Legal Committee of the ESCB (LEGCO). This book commemorates ten years of work by the Working Group of Legal Experts of the European Monetary Institute and by the LEGCO. It is dedicated to Mr Paolo Zamboni Garavelli, former Head of the Legal Department at the Banca d'Italia and member of LEGCO, who died in 2004."--Editor.
The world has changed radically since 1989, when the General Assembly declared the period from 1990 to 1999 as the United Nations Decade of International Law. During that time, the international community claimed some major achievements as reflected by the adoption of conventions and treaties. This publication presents a collection of essays from legal advisers of States and international organizations, all of whom are among those committed to promoting respect for international law. Their contribution provides a practical perspective on international law, viewed from the standpoint of those involved in its formation, application and administration.
This book is a comprehensive study of secession from an international law perspective.
Michel de Certeau considers the uses to which social representation and modes of social behavior are put by individuals and groups, describing the tactics available to the common man for reclaiming his own autonomy from the all-pervasive forces of commerce, politics, and culture. In exploring the public meaning of ingeniously defended private meanings, de Certeau draws on an immense theoretical literature in analytic philosophy, linguistics, sociology, semiology, and anthropology--to speak of an apposite use of imaginative literature.
Earthen architecture constitutes one of the most diverse forms of cultural heritage and one of the most challenging to preserve. It dates from all periods and is found on all continents but is particularly prevalent in Africa, where it has been a building tradition for centuries. Sites range from ancestral cities in Mali to the palaces of Abomey in Benin, from monuments and mosques in Iran and Buddhist temples on the Silk Road to Spanish missions in California. This volume's sixty-four papers address such themes as earthen architecture in Mali, the conservation of living sites, local knowledge systems and intangible aspects, seismic and other natural forces, the conservation and management of archaeological sites, research advances, and training.