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Cognitive Mechanisms of Learning presents experimental research works on the issue of knowledge acquisition in Cognitive Psychology. These research works – initiated by groups of researchers with academic backgrounds in Philosophy, Psychology, Linguistics and Artificial Intelligence – explore learning mechanisms by viewing humans as information processing systems. Although the book is centered on research studies conducted in a laboratory, one chapter is dedicated to applied research studies, derived directly from the fundamental research works. Computer modeling of learning mechanisms is presented, based on the concept of “cognitive architecture”. Three important issues – “the methodology”, “the achievements” and “the evolution” – in the field of learning research are also examined.
Can you learn without knowing it? This controversial and much debated question forms the basis of this collection of essays as the authors discuss whether the measurable changes in behaviour that result from learning can ever remain entirely unconscious. Three issues central to the topic of implicit learning are raised. Firstly, the extent to which learning can be unconscious, and therefore implicit, is considered. Secondly, theories are developed regarding the nature of knowledge acquired in implicit learning situations. Finally, the idea that there are two separable independent processing systems in the brain, for implicit and explicit learning, is considered. Implicit Learning and Consciousness challenges conventional wisdom and presents the most up-to-date studies to define, quantify and test the predictions of the main models of implicit learning. The chapters include a variety of research from computer modelling, experimental psychology and neural imaging to the clinical data resulting from work with amnesics. The result is a topical book that provides an overview of the debate on implicit learning, and the various philosophical, psychological and neurological frameworks in which it can be placed. It will be of interest to undergraduates, postgraduates and the philosophical, psychological and modeling research community.
There is considerable debate over the extent to which cognitive tasks can be learned non-consciously or implicitly. In recent years a large number of studies have demonstrated a discrepancy between explicit knowledge and measured performance. This book presents an overview of these studies and attempts to clarify apparently disparate results by placing them in a coherent theoretical framework. It draws on evidence from neuropsychological and computational modelling studies as well as the many laboratory experiments. Chapter one sets out the background to the large number of recent studies on implicit learning. It discusses research on implicit memory, perception without awareness, and automaticity. It attempts to set the implicit - explicit distinction in the context of other relevant dichotomies in the literature. Chapter two presents an overview of research on the control of complex systems, from Broadbent (1977) through to the present day. It looks at the accessibility of control task knowledge, as well as whether there is any other evidence for a distinction between implicit and explicit modes of learning. Chapter three critically reviews studies claiming to show that people can acquire concepts without being verbally aware of the basis on which they are responding. It shows that concept formation can be implicit in some sense but not in others. Chapter four investigates the claim that people can learn sequential information in an implicit way. Chapter five looks at whether computational modelling can elucidate the nature of implicit learning. It examines the feasibility of different exemplar connectionist models in accounting for performance in concept learning, sequence learning, and control task experiments. Chapter six reviews evidence concerning dissociations between implicit and explicit knowledge in various neuropsychological syndromes. Finally, chapters seven and eight discuss the many practical and theoretical implications of the research.
L’objectif de cet ouvrage est de faire l’état de la recherche sur l’apprentissage implicite (phénomènes d’apprentissage qui se font à l’insu du sujet) en s’appuyant sur les données les plus récentes publiées dans ce domaine. Il s’agit en outre, en se centrant principalement sur les paradigmes des grammaires artificielles et du temps de réaction sériel, de présenter les enjeux principaux soulevés par ce champ d’étude. Ainsi, l’ouvrage aborde les questions liées à la nature réellement inconsciente de l’information apprise ou au rôle de la mémoire de travail et de l’attention dans l’apprentissage implicite. Par ailleurs, deux chapitres du livre traitent des aspects développement taux de l’apprentissage implicite (chez l’enfant et dans le cadre du vieillissement normal). Un chapitre important de l’ouvrage est consacré aux données issues de l’approche neuropsychologique, qu’il s’agisse de la mise en évidence de capacités préservées d’apprentissage implicite chez certains types de patients cérébro-lésés (comme, par exemple, les patients amnésiques) ou de la présentation des travaux ayant utilisé les techniques d’imagerie cérébrale. Enfin, le dernier chapitre présente quelques-uns des modèles théoriques qui ont été proposés pour rendre compte des mécanismes impliqués dans cette forme d’apprentissage, en s’intéressant plus particulièrement aux modèles connexionnistes, dont certains se sont montrés capables de simuler la performance humaine dans des situations d’apprentissage implicite. Cet ouvrage, qui est le premier à paraître sur ce thème en langue française, se veut aussi être un outil de travail et de référence pour les chercheurs et pour les étudiants intéressés par l’étude des phénomènes d’apprentissage implicite en psychologie cognitive et en neuropsychologie.
Implicit learning is said to occur when a person learns about a complex stimulus without necessarily intending to do so, and in such a way that the resulting knowledge is difficult to express. Over the last 30 years, a number of studies have claimed to show evidence of implicit learning. In more recent years, however, considerable debate has arisen over the extent to which cognitive tasks can in fact be learned implicitly. Much of the debate has centred on the questions of how unconscious, and how abstract, is implicitly acquired knowledge? The aim of this book is to provide students and researchers with a self-contained and balanced summary of the various theoretical and empirical positions that are currently shaping this exciting area of research.
Can we learn without knowing we are learning? To what extent is our behavior influenced by things we fail to perceive? What is the relationship between conscious and unconscious cognition? Implicit Learning: 50 Years On tackles these key questions, fifty years after the publication of Arthur Reber’s seminal text. Providing an overview of recent developments in the field, the volume considers questions about the computational foundations of learning, alongside phenomena including conditioning, memory formation and consolidation, associative learning, cognitive development, and language learning. Featuring contributions from international researchers, the book uniquely integrates ‘Western’ thinking on implicit learning with insights from a rich Russian research tradition. This approach offers an excellent opportunity to contrast perspectives, to introduce new experimental paradigms, and to contribute to ongoing debates about the very nature of implicit learning. Implicit Learning: 50 Years On is essential reading for students and researchers of consciousness, specifically those interested in implicit learning.
International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities is an ongoing scholarly look at research into the causes, effects, classification systems, syndromes, etc. of developmental disabilities. Contributors come from wide-ranging perspectives, including genetics, psychology, education, and other health and behavioral sciences. Volume 42 of the series offers chapters on a variety of themes. Provides the most recent scholarly research in the study of developmental disabilities A vast range of perspectives is offered, and many topics are covered An excellent resource for academic researchers
“Re-education” consists in training people injured either by illness or the vagaries of life to achieve the best functionality now possible for them. Strangely, the subject is not taught in the normal educational curricula of the relevant professions. It thus tends to be developed anew with each patient, without recourse to knowledge of what such training, or assistance in such training, might be. New paradigms of re-education are in fact possible today, thanks to advances in cognitive science, and new technologies such as virtual reality and robotics. They lead to the re-thinking of the procedures of physical medicine, as well as of re-education. The first part looks anew at re-education in the context of both international classifications of functionality, handicap and health, and the concept of normality. The second part highlights the function of implicit memory in re-education. And the last part shows the integration of new cognition technologies in the new paradigms of re-education.