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The air-void systems produced by two commercially available air-entraining admixtures (AEA), one a vinsol resin formulation and the other a tall oil formulation, were studied in mortars. Mortars were composed of four different portland cements and two Class F fly ashes (20 percent by mass) with concrete sand. The mortar proportions were based on Virginia Department of Transportation Class A4 concrete with a water-cementitious material ratio of 0.45. Foam index tests were conducted on all cementitious combinations, and the results were used to determine the dosage of AEA in the mortars. The air content of the mortars was determined gravimetrically, and specimens were cast for subsequent linear traverse analysis of the air-void system. With both AEAs, mortar air contents in the target range produced spacing factors much lower than necessary to provide resistance to freezing and thawing, suggesting that the ranges for air content currently used in VDOT specifications could be reduced to lessen the potential for acceptance problems associated with excessive air content. Further study is recommended to verify that the relationships observed in this study are also observed in concrete and to define improved air content specifications.
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This book provides a thorough review of the properties and use of the principal chemical admixtures for use in concrete. Concise and clearly presented, the book includes extensive references to key sources of information. The presentation of each admixture is in a standard format, which helps the reader to find relevant information easily.
Based on the Institute of Concrete Technology's advanced course, this new four volume series is a comprehensive educational and reference resource for the concrete materials technologist. An expert international team of authors from research, academia and industry has been brought together to produce this unique reference source. Each volume deals with different aspects of the properties, composition, uses and testing of concrete. With worked examples, case studies and illustrations throughout, this series will be a key reference for the concrete specialist for years to come. - Expert international authorship ensures the series is authoritative - Case studies and worked examples help the reader apply their knowledge to practice - Comprehensive coverage of the subject gives the reader all the necessary reference material
Comprehensive in its scope and directly applicable to daily waste management problems of specific industries, Waste Treatment in the Metal Manufacturing, Forming, Coating, and Finishing Industries covers hazardous industrial waste treatment, renovation, and reuse in the metal manufacturing, forming, coating, enameling, and finishing industries. It
Since the publication of the first edition ten years ago, significant developments have occurred in the use of admixtures in concrete. Eight new chapters and a full update of the preceding ten chapters bring this book up to date; reflecting the relative advances made in the science and technology of different groups of admixtures. The increased role and development of admixtures in concrete technology is evidenced by a number of conferences, publications, and novel admixtures available in the market place. These developments in the field caused the modification of many chapters in the first edition in order to reflect the advances. Although individual chapters refer to standards and specifications of admixtures, those only interested in the standards or techniques used in investigating admixtures will find the second chapter (Research Technologies, Standards, and Specifications) useful. Admixtures are not as inert as may be presumed. They may chemically interact with the constituents of concrete and affect the properties of the fresh and hardened concrete and its durability. The third chapter deals with these aspects. It was important to devote a chapter to recent attempts in developing new admixtures.