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Siempre será oportuno reflexionar sobre la democracia, su contenido, sus desafíos, su presente y su futuro, las transformaciones y percepciones que de ella se tienen. No son pocas las preocupaciones o inquietudes que la democracia suscita en esta parte del mundo, y muestra de ello son los más variados estudios e informes sobre el estado actual de la democracia y sus probabilidades en América Latina. Más de un cuarto de siglo de ejercicio democrático en casi toda la región parecería sugerirnos que la democracia echó raíces en esta área y que su consolidación que está asegurada. Sin embargo, nada más paradójico, lejos de su afianzamiento parecería que está más cerca de la fragilidad. Los desencantos son cada vez más evidentes.Los regímenes democráticos de la región afrontan en la actualidad los más complejos problemas, en donde los gobiernos, en sentido amplio, no han logrado dar una respuesta efectiva: profundas desigualdades, altos niveles de pobreza, merma en el crecimiento económico, ausencia de creación empleo, que se terminan convirtiendo en los motivos o causas que justifican la insatisfacción ciudadana con el funcionamiento de la democracia y sus instituciones. De ahí pues que la región se haya caracterizado por la realización de los más diversos procesos de reforma constitucional, política y electoral, quizá con el propósito de superar otros malestares que afectan a al democracia: representación, participación, gobernabilidad. Y aquí nuevamente el tema del presidencialismo latinoamericano y sus posibles conexiones con las debilidades de la democracia en América Latina.Esta obra examina precisamente los desafíos, ventajas y desventajas del régimen presidencial en la región, sobre la base de juiciosas investigaciones en distintos contextos nacionales, con énfasis en México, Argentina, Perú y Colombia, con un alto grado de homogeneidad en sus presupuestos teóricos y metodológicos. Entonces, los artículos contenidos en este volumen analizan las principales transformaciones de los regímenes presidenciales en donde se pueden evidenciar las diferencias existentes entre éstos y los efectos que tienen en el funcionamiento de los respectivos sistemas políticos, con tendencias que se soportan en el desprestigio de los partidos políticos y de la clase dirigente; el presidencialismo hegemónico y los poderes presidenciales, especialmente en temas económicos; la extensión de la corrupción, la impunidad y el desprecio por el estado de derecho.Los regímenes democráticos de la región afrontan en la actualidad los más complejos problemas, en donde los gobiernos, en sentido amplio, no han logrado dar una respuesta efectiva: profundas desigualdades, altos niveles de pobreza, merma en el crecimiento económico, ausencia de creación empleo, que se terminan convirtiendo en los motivos o causas que justifican la insatisfacción ciudadana con el funcionamiento de la democracia y sus instituciones. De ahí pues que la región se haya caracterizado por la realización de los más diversos procesos de reforma constitucional, política y electoral, quizá con el propósito de superar otros malestares que afectan a al democracia: representación, participación, gobernabilidad. Y aquí nuevamente el tema del presidencialismo latinoamericano y sus posibles conexiones con las debilidades de la democracia en América Latina.Esta obra examina precisamente los desafíos, ventajas y desventajas del régimen presidencial en la región, sobre la base de juiciosas investigaciones en distintos contextos nacionales, con énfasis en México, Argentina, Perú y Colombia, con un alto grado de homogeneidad en sus presupuestos teóricos y metodológicos.
The intersection of insurance regulation and trade agreements is of obvious significance to international competitiveness and, thereby, to national welfare. Yet until this masterful study the subject has remained virtually unexplored. Insurance Regulation in North America, far from merely addressing this important area of theory and practice, superbly balances a world of detailed analysis and commentary with deeply insightful interpretation and debate. The book's focus on insurance regulation in three countries allows the authors to approach the subject in an extraordinary depth that could not be achieved in a more global account. In the course of their treatment the authors offer the reader the following invaluable insights, among many others:analysis of the political dimension of reaching agreements and of implementing them;comparison of the three major trade agreements that apply in the North American insurance market'NAFTA, WTO agreements on financial services, and MEUFTA (the Mexico-European Union Free Trade Agreement)'with emphasis on the relationship between GATS and NAFTA principles;investigation of the clear convergence of regulatory schemes and the probable limits to harmonization;discussion of the arbitrage by which companies get around regulatory restrictions and exploit opportunities created by loopholes;clarification of the crucial issues surrounding the role of customary international law principles in investor protection obligations;discussion of the level of government and which government agencies a company must turn to in order to satisfy legal requirements;analysis of the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Mexico regarding legal effects of treaties on domestic law;commentary on the effects of demutualization and of mergers and acquisitions;discussion of the effect of the entrenchment of U.S. State regulations and the federal government's lack of clear power to force State compliance; anddescription of dispute settlement procedures between governments. Although important issues arising in each of the three countries are all covered, there is an emphasis on the Mexican market in recognition of Mexico's greater future growth potential and of the relative paucity of relevant literature in English. Major case studies that reveal processes of compliance or conflict are analyzed in detail. For insurance professionals'lawyers, business executives, and policymakers'who want to understand what international trade agreements contain, how they work, and how they affect domestic insurance regulation and business strategy in what is rapidly becoming a global market for insurance and other financial services, this book is a gold mine. Scholars and academics in insurance law and international economic law will also find here a fresh new treatise of great significance.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, MICAI 2002, held in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico in April 2002. The 56 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from more than 85 submissions from 17 countries. The papers are organized in topical sections on robotics and computer vision, heuristic search and optimization, speech recognition and natural language processing, logic, neural networks, machine learning, multi-agent systems, uncertainty management, and AI tools and applications.
First of all, we want to congratulate two new research communities from M- ico and Brazil that have recently joined the Iberoamerican community and the International Association for Pattern Recognition. We believe that the series of congresses that started as the “Taller Iberoamericano de Reconocimiento de Patrones (TIARP)”, and later became the “Iberoamerican Congress on Pattern Recognition (CIARP)”, has contributed to these groupconsolidatione?orts. We hope that in the near future all the Iberoamerican countries will have their own groups and associations to promote our areas of interest; and that these congresses will serve as the forum for scienti?c research exchange, sharing of - pertise and new knowledge, and establishing contacts that improve cooperation between research groups in pattern recognition and related areas. CIARP 2004 (9th Iberoamerican Congress on Pattern Recognition) was the ninthinaseriesofpioneeringcongressesonpatternrecognitionintheIberoam- ican community. As in the previous year, CIARP 2004 also included worldwide participation. It took place in Puebla, Mexico. The aim of the congress was to promote and disseminate ongoing research and mathematical methods for pattern recognition, image analysis, and applications in such diverse areas as computer vision, robotics, industry, health, entertainment, space exploration, telecommunications, data mining, document analysis,and natural languagep- cessing and recognition, to name a few.
Developing countries and emerging economies have played an ever-expanding role in world trade flows in recent decades but they still face a number of constraints in connecting to global markets. In this volume, members of the WTO's academic network in developing countries - the WTO Chairs Programme - identify major challenges in their respective countries and how to overcome them. The chair-holders originally presented their case studies at the WTO's Annual Conference of the Chairs Programme and the Global Review of Aid for Trade in July 2013. Their contributions have been collected together in this volume to provide a comprehensive picture of the challenges of connecting to global markets.
The Birnbaum-Saunders Distribution presents the statistical theory, methodology, and applications of the Birnbaum-Saunders distribution, a very flexible distribution for modeling different types of data (mainly lifetime data). The book describes the most recent theoretical developments of this model, including properties, transformations and related distributions, lifetime analysis, and shape analysis. It discusses methods of inference based on uncensored and censored data, goodness-of-fit tests, and random number generation algorithms for the Birnbaum-Saunders distribution, also presenting existing and future applications. - Introduces inference in the Birnbaum-Saunders distribution - Provides a comprehensive review of the statistical theory and methodology of the Birnbaum-Distribution - Discusses different applications of the Birnbaum-Saunders distribution - Explains characterization and the lifetime analysis
This volume contains the papers selected for presentation at the 14th International Symposium on Methodologies for Intelligent Systems, ISMIS 2003, held in Maebashi City, Japan, 28–31 October, 2003. The symposium was organized by the Maebashi Institute of Technology in co-operation with the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence. It was sponsored by the Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi Convention Bureau, Maebashi City Government, Gunma Prefecture Government, US AFOSR/AOARD, the Web Intelligence Consortium (Japan), Gunma Information Service Industry Association, and Ryomo Systems Co., Ltd. ISMIS is a conference series that was started in 1986 in Knoxville, Tennessee. Since then it has been held in Charlotte (North Carolina), Knoxville (Tennessee), Turin (Italy), Trondheim (Norway), Warsaw (Poland), Zakopane (Poland), and Lyon (France). The program committee selected the following major areas for ISMIS 2003: active media human-computer interaction, autonomic and evolutionary computation, intelligent agent technology, intelligent information retrieval, intelligent information systems, knowledge representation and integration, knowledge discovery and data mining, logic for artificial intelligence, soft computing, and Web intelligence.