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Watermarks 1450–1850 offers a concise history of the production of paper in Western Europe from the Middle Ages to the nineteenth century. The research is based on watermarks collected from various sources in combination with other elements from the trade, such as decorated paper and ream wrappers. This book includes reproductions of ca. seven hundred watermarks. Frans and Theo Laurentius have published two more books on the topic in this same book series: Italian Watermarks 1750–1860 (2016), and Watermarks in Paper from the South-West of France, 1560–1860 (2018). In 2007/2008 they published Watermarks (1600–1650) Found in the Zeeland Archives and Watermarks (1650–1700) Found in the Zeeland Archives.
This collection, presented to Michael Friedrich in honour of his academic career at of the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures, traces key concepts that scholars associated with the Centre have developed and refined for the systematic study of manuscript cultures. At the same time, the contributions showcase the possibilities of expanding the traditional subject of ‘manuscripts’ to the larger perspective of ‘written artefacts’.
Papermaking is a fascinating art and technology. The second edition of this successful 2 volume handbook provides a comprehensive view on the technical, economic, ecologic and social background of paper and board. It has been updated, revised and largely extended in depth and width including the further use of paper and board in converting and printing. A wide knowledge basis is a prerequisite in evaluating and optimizing the whole process chain to ensure efficient paper and board production. The same is true in their application and end use. The book covers a wide range of topics: * Raw materials required for paper and board manufacturing such as fibers, chemical additives and fillers * Processes and machinery applied to prepare the stock and to produce the various paper and board grades including automation and trouble shooting * Paper converting and printing processes, book preservation * The different paper and board grades as well as testing and analysing fiber suspensions, paper and board products, and converted or printed matters * Environmental and energy factors as well as safety aspects. The handbook will provide professionals in the field, e. g. papermakers as well as converters and printers, laymen, students, politicians and other interested people with the most up-to-date and comprehensive information on the state-of- the-art techniques and aspects involved in paper making, converting and printing.
Script and writing were among the most important inventions in human history, and until the invention of printing, the handwritten book was the primary medium of literary and cultural transmission. Although the study of manuscripts is already quite advanced for many regions of the world, no unified discipline of ‘manuscript studies’ has yet evolved which is capable of treating handwritten books from East Asia, India and the Islamic world equally alongside the European manuscript tradition. This book, which aims to begin the interdisciplinary dialogue needed to arrive at a truly systematic and comparative approach to manuscript cultures worldwide, brings together papers by leading researchers concerned with material, philological and cultural aspects of different manuscript traditions.
This volume examines dynamic interactions between the calculative and speculative practices of commerce and the fruitfulness, variability, materiality, liveliness and risks of nature. It does so in diverse environments caught up in new trading relationships forged on and through frontiers for agriculture, forestry, mining and fishing. Historical resource frontiers are understood in terms of commercial knowledge systems organized as projects to transform landscapes and environments. The book asks: how were environments traded, and with what environmental and landscape consequences? How have environments been engineered, standardized and transformed within past trading systems? What have been the successes and failures of economic knowledge in dealing with resource production in complex environments? It considers cases from northern Europe, North and South America, Central Africa and New Zealand in the period between 1750 and 1990, and the contributors reflect on the effects of transnational commodity chains, competing economic knowledge systems, environmental ignorance and learning, and resource exploitation. In each case they identify tensions, blind spots, and environmental learning that plagued commercial projects on frontiers.
The book has 2 sections; Section A focuses on Environmental Sustainability and Green Technology and Section B covers Emerging Technologies in Environmental Biotechnology. The book introduces Environmental biotechnology as a tool to progress towards sustainable development goals and covers green technologies such as Bio-plastics, Third generation hybrid technology for algal biomass production, wastewater treatment and greenhouse gas mitigation, Green vaccination, Bio-fuels, Microbial enzymes, Bioelectrical systems, eco-friendly handmade paper production, nature based sanitation solutions, and greener ways to tackle air pollution along with the application of GIS to monitor & manage COVDI19 pandemic. The Section B covers emerging & innovative technologies such as vermifiltration, Small scale PVA gel based innovative solution for wastewater treatment, Cyclic technology based sequencing batch reactors (SBR) and role of Role of Bio-selectors in Performing Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification in SBR’s. It holistically covers essential information on Enzymatic Biotransformation and Biopolymer based nanocomposites for dye waste treatment, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi assisted Bioremediation of heavy metals, Coir Retting and Duckweeds: The Tiny Creatures for Resolving the Major Environmental Issues. It is a promising book for researchers, academicians, teachers, students, industrial enterprises, policy makers, public health officials and general users. The book is closely aligned to curricula of post graduate courses in biotechnology, microbiology, environmental biotechnology and environmental science.
Ian Willison, whose professional life was spent in the British Museum Library, later the British Library, has played a leading part in the development of book-history studies in the English-speaking world. In the two decades since his retirement from a post that gave him administrative and intellectual oversight of the library's rare-book and English-language programmes, he hasmade an enormous contribution to the organization and encouragement of research and publications in a new and expanding field of historical endeavour. Official and deserved recognition of his efforts came in 2005 with his appointment as a Commander in the Order of the British Empire.The present volume brings together a selection of essays and studies by some of Willison's many friends, colleagues and associates . The topics covered-on book history, libraries, archives and scholarship-reflect the breadth of his interests and the scope of his curiosity. From the inside story of the major edition of George Orwell's works to the investigation of New Zealand's print culture a surprising mix of subjects suggests the many ways in which the West's book heritage and desire to order knowledge can be explored and illuminated. The contributors have been and are intimately involved in diverse aspects of the reshaping of our access to means of communication and civilization. As a result, the volume offers, as well as precise studies of the history of textual transmission and of intellectual debates, insights into an evolving discipline and into its attempts to understand our culture in depth.
The application of statistical techniques to the study of manuscript books, based on the analysis of large data sets acquired through the archaeological observation of manuscripts, is one of the most original trends in codicological research, aiming not only to reconstruct on a sound basis the methods and processes used in book manufacture and their tendential evolution in space and time, but also to interpret them as the result of a dynamic interplay between various and often incompatible needs (of cultural, technical, social and economic nature) that book artisans had to reconcile in the best possible way. The present collection of essays in English translation was guided by the desire to offer a multifarious well-articulated picture of the application of statistical methodology to the various aspects of manuscript production, namely analysis of materials, characterization of book types, manufacturing techniques, planning and use of layout characterization of scripts and scribal habits. The volume aims to present to a wider readership a series of significant papers which have appeared over the last fifteen years, by means of which the statistical approach continues to demonstrate its vast potential.