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Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: This case study deals with an important financial aspect of multinational companies, i.e. their obligation of accounting. Until the year 2000, BMW used to prepare its annual external audits under German Commercial Code Standards (HGB). This tradition ended in 2000, when BMW accounted under International Accounting Standards (IAS) for the first time. 7 years before, Mercedes-Benz was the first German automotive manufacturer adopting international Standards in 1993. But in Mercedes case US-Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US-GAAP) were chosen, because the objective was to become listed at the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). At this time US-GAAP were not accepted outside the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA), esp. not by the EU Commission, but the US-Principles were applied in the largest and most important stock market worldwide. On the other hand, US organizations like the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) did not accept any other accounting standards in these days. Accordingly, Mercedes-Benz had to prepare two annual audits: one under US-GAAP and the other under HGB. This treatment, obviously, was highly inefficient, providing lots of encumbrances to US-capital-seeking European companies: accounting and auditing took too much time, personnel resources and money. Another negative effect was that many US companies hesitated with urgently required investments in Europe. But nevertheless, multinational groups seemed to have several advantages by using international accounting standards, even if they had to prepare more than one audit annually. Within the 1st part, this case study provides basic information dealing with accounting standards, in particular reasons and objectives, organizational patterns and the process of IAS becoming international accepted by pointing out their most important differences compared to US-GAAP and German HGB Standards. The 2nd part deals with the reasons of changing BMW s accounting standards by looking at the Group s key markets and the impact of IAS-adoption by examining their figures of non current assets, inventories, other current assets, liabilities & deferred incomes, provisions, equity as well as research & development within a four years comparison. At last the 3rd part gives an examination and summary of the results of IAS-reception for BMW, the effects on the stock market, changes of rating on the global market and gives hints to future [...]
Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: The word marketing is always appearing in most articles and books dealing with selling, the word has been watered down and in many cases lost its true value and sense. Most people mistakenly identify marketing with selling and promotion - but selling is only the tip of the marketing iceberg. It is simply one of several marketing functions, and often not the most important one. If the marketer does a good job of identifying consumer needs, developing appropriate products, and pricing, distributing, and promoting them effectively, these goods will sell very easily. Companies have to search for buyers, identify their needs, design appropriate products, promote them, store and transport them, negotiate, and so on. Such activities as product development, search, communication, distribution, pricing, and service constitute core marketing activities. We have defined the core marketing activities; supporting the sales force in their pursuit of revenues and profit. The marketing department have to focus multiple tasks ranging from product development to pricing. Often the marketing department is so intertwined in the sales processes that the marketing and sales division is one division, in order to maintain the direction required in order to achieve the objectives set up by the management. In the first part of this case we will look at the general term; strategic marketing and set up fictitious examples of how a company in the automotive industry would deal with strategic marketing and look at the tools available to the marketing department and how they are implemented. Being a multinational company like BMW you need a strategy for virtually prior to make a decision and this applies to marketing as well. The company has the past two decades developed from an international company to a global player, where the set of standards are different and the requirement for setting up a marketing strategy has changed. We have decided in this case to analyze the decisions behind launching certain products; such as the roadster; the Z Series and the X Series, which meant that BMW for the first time in its history ventured into new segments normally being dominated by other manufactures. The decision to leave the traditional segment where BMW had for years been successful and diversify the product line will be analysed and in the introduction we will try to cast a light on the tools and means behind such decisions. In the middle of the [...]
Wiley IFRS: Practical Implementation Guide and Workbook, Second Edition is a quick reference guide on IFRS/IAS that includes easy-to-understand IFRS/IAS standards outlines, practical insights, case studies with solutions, illustrations and multiple-choice questions with solutions. The book greatly facilitates your understanding of the practical implementation issues involved in applying these complex "principles-based" standards. PS-Line
Written by a team of scholars, predominantly from the Centre for Financial Studies in Frankfurt, this volume provides a descriptive survey of the present state of the German financial system and a new analytical framework to explain its workings.
In today's volatile, complex and fast-moving business world, it can be difficult to gauge how sound a company really is. An apparently strong balance sheet and impressive reported profits may be hiding all sorts of problems that could even spell bankruptcy. So how do you: Know whether a company is well run and doing well? Decide which ratios and benchmarks to use to assess performance? Work out if a company has massaged its results? Recognize the danger signs on the corporate horizon? Compare companies operating in different sectors or countries? These and many other important questions are answered in a completely updated and revised sixth edition of this clear and comprehensive guide. It is aimed at anyone who wants to understand a company's annual report, judge a customer's creditworthiness, assess a company's investment potential, and much more.
This text presents international accounting within the context of managing multinational enterprises, focusing on business strategies and how accounting applies to these strategies. This unique approach gives students the opportunity to learn about international accounting from a perspective similar to what they will experience in the business world. The book explains the key factors that influence accounting standards and practices in different countires, and how those factors impact the convergence of standards worldwide. Particular emphasis is given to culture and its unique contribution to accounting standards and practices worldwide. The book focuses on the needs of users of financial and accounting information across borders with the aim of enhancing their understanding of how to use information and make more informed decisions in an increasingly complex and dynamic international business environment.
In this compilation, critical aspects of the internal audit function are contrasted in order to provide an insight into the value of internal auditing and, within that, to submit arguments for the implementation and maintenance of an internal audit function.The authors examine how to optimize the allocation of audit resources over an auditee population with respect to available population statistics. The included survey mainly deals with audit situations where the auditee is assumed to behave rationally and optimize its expected utility based on information regarding the audit strategy.According to the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing, internal auditors must always maintain an objective and independent working attitude to perform effectively. However, data indicate that this requirement might often become challenged due to bias-prone situations, eventually leading to false conclusions or even wrong decisions by auditors and management. As such, the authors address selected cognitive biases for internal auditors and potential behavior patterns tempering the effects of these biases.In common energy audition methods, the efficiency of waste-to-energy power plants is evaluated directly. This method is highly sensitive to the measurement errors of waste mass flow which is difficult determine precisely. Further-more, the direct method does not clarify the sources of energy loss. Using the indirect method which is proposed in this chapter book, the power plant is split into three sub-systems. The overall efficiency is determined by analyzing the multiplication of thesesub-systems efficiency and the internal energy usage.This final chapter uses case examples to showcase how auditing is a suitable method for clarifying the level of comprehensive, risk-based safety and security management of organizations operating in business and the public sector. The authors encourage organizations to develop their safety and security management system using a risk-based approach.
Wiley Interpretation and Application of IFRS® Standards The 2021 reference for the interpretation and application of the latest international standards Wiley IFRS® Standards 2021 is a revised and comprehensive resource that includes the information needed to interpret and apply the most recent International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS®) as outlined by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). This accessible resource contains a wide range of practical examples as well as invaluable guidance on the expanding framework for unified financial reporting. The authors provide IFRIC interpretations and directions designed to ensure a clear understanding of the most recent standards. The IFRS® standards are ever evolving, therefore it is essential that professionals and students have the information needed to apply the standards correctly in real-world cases. Wiley IFRS® Standards 2021 offers a complete, up-to-date reference that aids in the application of the latest international standards in a manner that is transparent, accountable and efficient. This edition includes IFRS 9 Financial Instruments; IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers; IFRS 16 Leases and amendments issued and effective for annual periods beginning on or after 01 January 2020 as issued by the IASB by 30 June 2020. This edition also includes some introductory guidance for IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts and incorporates the revised Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting 2018. This guide is written by the people passionate about IFRS® at PKF International. PKF International member firms specialise in providing high quality audit, accounting, tax, and business advisory solutions to international and domestic organisations around the globe. PKF International is a member of the Forum of Firms – an organisation dedicated to consistent and high-quality standards of financial reporting and auditing practices worldwide. www.pkf.com. PKF International Limited administers a family of legally independent firms and does not accept any responsibility or liability for the actions or inactions of any individual member or correspondent firm or firms. All rights reserved.