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This is the fourth Falk Symposium devoted to the study of intestinal abso~ l 3 tion. As in the case of its predecessors - , I hope that the relaxed atmosphere will enable the participants from all comers of the world to exchange views, not only in this room, but also at less formal moments in the cellar, on the lake, or in the buses that transport us to different parts of the Schwarzwald. We are all eternally grateful to Dr Herbert Falk for undertaking to sponsor this meeting, and to him and his staff for the impeccable organisation which will permit us to work in such a pleasant environment. In the organisation of the programme, one or two innovations have been in troduced which are perhaps foreign to routine gastroenterological meetings. First, the average age in this room is rather lower than at most gatherings of this nature, which means that those who carry out the experiments will be responsible for their presentation; they are after all the ones who have made the relevant small observations which lead to the advancement of knowledge.
Studies on the colon not only serve medical interest or clinical purposes, but are also a highly interesting subject of comparative physiology, from which we can learn much about the basic principles in physiology. Presented here are examples of research on colonic ion transport of each vertebrate group, including the classical models of epithelia, rat and rabbit, and also on the special and unique features in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and selected mammals such as the guinea pig. Physiology and pathophysiology of ion transport in the human large intestine are as well covered as the use of colonic cell cultures as model systems for crypt cell properties.
The aim of this symposium was to provide a framework for fruitful discussion on intestinal transport, not only for advanced scientists but also for younger people starting in this field of research. Invited lectures, communications and poster presentations were focused on four central themes, all treating the prop erties of the sole intestinal epithelium, deliberately leaving aside problems dealing with more integrative functions of the whole intestine. The importance of motility or blood circulation, for instance, is certainly capital in the overall intestinal function, but these aspects by themselves deserve another meeting. This volume has compiled the manuscripts of the invited lectures which sub stantially comprised the four sessions of the Symposium. Part 1 is designed to emphasize actual knowledge of the transport of water, inorganic as well as organic ions and molecules across the isolated intestinal epithelium. An enormous wave of investigations has emerged from studies per formed with "Ussing chambers", which roused interest in studies on absorption mechanisms and subsequently on secretory processes. This has triggered off a trend to research on isolated cells as absorption and secretion are the main func tion of the different cell types constituting the intestinal epithelium. In this first session not only the importance of the parallel arrangement of these different cellular entities is stressed, but also the role played by the paracellular route.
Studies on the colon not only serve medical interest or clinical purposes, but are also a highly interesting subject of comparative physiology, from which we can learn much about the basic principles in physiology. Presented here are examples of research on colonic ion transport of each vertebrate group, including the classical models of epithelia, rat and rabbit, and also on the special and unique features in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and selected mammals such as the guinea pig. Physiology and pathophysiology of ion transport in the human large intestine are as well covered as the use of colonic cell cultures as model systems for crypt cell properties.
Intestinal Absorption of Metal Ions, Trace Elements, and Radionuclides focuses on the transport of metal ions across biological membranes. The selection first discusses fundamental considerations of ion transport across biological membranes, including passage of ions through the pores of gels or membranes; mobilities of organic and inorganic ions in water; and complexing of alkali metal ions. The text then focuses on ion transport across membranes of high ionic selectivity and transmissivity and their uses in model studies; model systems for transcellular active transport; and detection and implications of active salt transport across biological membranes. The book takes a look at the intestinal absorption of sodium, calcium, and potassium, including sodium and potassium transport in the intestines; use of radioisotopes to assess intestinal flux of calcium in humans; and calcium and structure of cell membranes. The intestinal absorption of zinc, cobalt, and strontium and absorption of copper from the gastrointestinal tract are underscored. The selection is a recommendable source of data for readers interested in the transport of metal ions across biological membranes.
The unique architecture and physiology of the mammalian intestine, together with a tightly coordinated regulatory system, allows for the handling and absorption of as much as 9 L of fluid a day with 98% or greater efficiency. Advances in the past 40 years have made inroads into revealing the intricacies and interplay of numerous ion transporters and their modulators that are responsible for intestinal electrolyte and water transport. Studies of two devastating diseases, the virulent infectious disease cholera and the autosomal recessive disease cystic fibrosis, were largely responsible for this information explosion. These advances have been critical in the development of new therapeutic strategies to combat life-threatening diseases of varying etiologies ranging from enteric infections to cystic fibrosis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Yet, the story is far from complete, and progress needs to continue on translating information gained from reductionistic cell and tissue culture models, in vivo models, and ultimately human studies and on improving therapeutic approaches. This book reviews the current status of our knowledge of fluid transport across the intestine, including the complexities of transcellular and paracellular ion transport down the length of the intestine and how aberrations of normal physiological processes lead to disease. Table of Contents: Overview / Epithelial Cell and Tissue Architecture / Principles of Transepithelial Electrolyte and Water Movement / Intestinal Architecture and Electrolyte Transport / Electrolyte Transporters--Pumps, Carriers, and Channels / Water Transport / Regulation / Intestinal Disorders and Advances Toward Better Treatment of Intestinal Disorders / Conclusion / References
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex neural network embedded in the gut wall that orchestrates the reflex behaviors of the intestine. The ENS is often referred to as the “little brain” in the gut because the ENS is more similar in size, complexity and autonomy to the central nervous system (CNS) than other components of the autonomic nervous system. Like the brain, the ENS is composed of neurons that are surrounded by glial cells. Enteric glia are a unique type of peripheral glia that are similar to astrocytes of the CNS. Yet enteric glial cells also differ from astrocytes in many important ways. The roles of enteric glial cell populations in the gut are beginning to come to light and recent evidence implicates enteric glia in almost every aspect of gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology. However, elucidating the exact mechanisms by which enteric glia influence gastrointestinal physiology and identifying how those roles are altered during gastrointestinal pathophysiology remain areas of intense research. The purpose of this e-book is to provide an introduction to enteric glial cells and to act as a resource for ongoing studies on this fascinating population of glia. Table of Contents: Introduction / A Historical Perspective on Enteric Glia / Enteric Glia: The Astroglia of the Gut / Molecular Composition of Enteric Glia / Development of Enteric Glia / Functional Roles of Enteric Glia / Enteric Glia and Disease Processes in the Gut / Concluding Remarks / References / Author Biography