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This book discusses the karst and pseudokarst of the Upper Midwest, USA, consisting of the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois—the first regional synthesis in 40 years. Starting with an overview of the regional geology of what is largely glaciated fluviokarst and paleokarst developed on Paleozoic carbonates, but including other lithologies such as the St. Peter Sandstone and the Ft. Dodge Gypsum, the caves, springs, sinkholes, and karst hydrogeology of each state are described. Special attention is devoted to the region’s longest caves: Coldwater Cave, Mystery Cave, and the Minnesota Cave Preserve caves. Application of tools such as data loggers and LiDAR, with new conceptual models such as hypogenic speleogenesis, has been transformative here. Special topics include lead and zinc mining in the Driftless Area, vertebrate and invertebrate cave fauna near the Laurentide ice limit, the impact and policies of nutrient and herbicide intensive modern agriculture on karst, and paleoclimate studies. The discovery, exploration, institutional history of caving organizations, and show caves of the Upper Midwest, from the year 1700 onwards, are brought up to date. The top 10 historical paradigms of cave and karst science in the Midwest are reviewed. Perspectives on paleontology, archeology, and Native American rock art are included.
This 328-page hardback volume printed by the Illinois State Geological Survey includes over 1200 full-color, high-resolution photographs of fossil specimens collected from the Upper Ordovician Platteville Formation in the Upper Midwest USA. The described and illustrated fossil assemblage includes exceptionally well-preserved sponges, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, polyplacophorans, gastropods, bivalves, rostroconchs, cephalopods, trilobites, ostracodes, echinoderms, graptolites, cornulitids, hyolithids, macroalgae, and a wide variety of trace fossils.This overview is directed to students, collectors, and professional paleontologists. Each chapter begins with a brief introduction to the morphological terms used to describe the various fossil groups, followed by systematic descriptions, remarks, and occurrence information. This overview can serve as a starting place and a source of inspiration for future paleontological research on the fossils of the Platteville Formation, offer insights regarding past climate and the environments in which life thrived, and ultimately shed light on the history of life on our planet.Many Platteville fossils were described in pre-20th century reconnaissance reports commissioned by the state geological surveys of Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. A historical summary of paleontological investigations of the Upper Ordovician stratigraphic succession can be found in Sloan (1987). A drawback to understanding the documented faunal composition of the Platteville Formation is that many of the fossils are described and illustrated in diverse monographs and shorter papers spanning more than 150 years and published by a variety of organizations. Many of these publications are difficult to find in libraries and are not available online. Furthermore, they tend to focus on specific phyla rather than the overall faunal associations. An added drawback is that many early publications lack high-resolution photographs, making it difficult to compare and contrast fossil specimens.
This collection examines historical and contemporary social, economic, and environmental impacts of mining on Aboriginal communities in northern Canada. Combining oral history research with intensive archival study, this work juxtaposes the perspectives of government and industry with the perspectives of local communities.
Silvicultural systems and biological nitrogen fixation; Morphology of nitrogen fixers in forest ecosystems; Taxonomy and distribution of non-legume nitrogen-fixing systems; Isolation and culture of nitrogen-fixing organisms; Wheeler, biochemical, physiological and environmental aspects of symbiotic nitrogen fixation; Analysis of nitrogen fixation; Agricultural and horticultural systems: implications for forestry; Nitrogen fixing plants in forest plantation management; Nitrogen fixation in North American forestry: research and application; Application of biological nitrogen fixation in European silviculture; Nitrogen fixation in Southeast Asian forestry: research and practice; Biological nitrogen fixation in forestry: research and practice in Australia and New Zealand.
Focusing on glaciation and speleogenesis in the region of New York and New England, this book serves as an example of a karst region that has experienced large-scale continental glaciation. It reviews the literature on the controls of glaciation on karst development, exploring examples from the marbles of the Adirondacks, New England and eastern New York, the Ordovician strata of northern New York and the Siluro-Devonian strata of central New York. Each of these areas is examined in detail, demonstrating the evolution of thought on glaciated karst through case studies of individual caves as well as larger cave systems. Additionally, this book describes the geology and glaciation, the evolution of karst landscapes from pre-glacial times to the present and human interaction with the caves in the region.