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Due to the increasingly complex mineralogy, and lower grade of many current ore reserves, technology has, over the past decade, had to evolve rapidly to treat these materials economically in an industry which has undergone severe periods of recession. However, most of the technical innovations, such as the increasing use of solvent-extraction, ion-exchange etc., have been in the field of chemical ore processing, and, apart from the use of computers and ever larger unit process machines, there have been few major evolutionary changes in the field of physical mineral processing, where conventional crushing and grinding methods, essentially unchanged in half a century, are followed by the 'old-faithfuls'- flotation, gravity, magnetic and electrostatic methods of separation. Many of these techniques have major limitations in the treatment of 'new' ores such as complex sulphides, and the main purpose of the NATO Advanced study Institute (ASI) "Mineral Processing at a Crossroads" was to review the future of mineral processing. One of the great failings of physical methods is their inability to treat ultra-fine particles, and much research effort is required in this area. Flotation is still the most widely used and researched method for separating minerals, and is the only method which can be used to produce separate concentrates from complex sulphide ores. However, its performance on these 'modern' ores is poor, and it is in this area particularly that chemical methods will increasingly be integrated into plant circuits.
This book treats magnetic separation from the point of view of both the engineer in the field who operates magnetic separators and the research scientist in the laboratory. It emphasizes those aspects of magnetic separation where lack of support in fundamental research is most evident. The intention is to bring the engineer and the scientist closer together, to promote the application of basic physical phenomena in engineering practice, and to gain the acceptance of the industry. The book presents a fairly broad survey of magnetic separation as applied to and practised primarily by the mineral-processing industries, although its use in other industries is reviewed briefly. It includes information on the physical principles of magnetic separation, magnetic properties of minerals and their measurement, the generation of magnetic field, theoretical and practical problems of magnetic separation, and experience gained in the design and operation of magnetic-separation systems. In detail, the book consists of six chapters dealing with the following topics: The Physical Properties of Magnetic Separation, Review of Magnetic Separation Techniques, Theory of High-gradient Magnetic Separation, Practical Aspects of Magnetic Separation, Industrial Applications of High-gradient Magnetic Separation, and The Economics of Magnetic Separation. The six appendices deal with symbols, abbreviations, values of physical constants, conversions from one unit to another, definitions of derived units, and a list of selected equipment manufacturers. There is a comprehensive bibliography (almost 600 items) and a subject index. The book should be of value to engineers and consulting metallurgists, as well as to students who want to learn more about this branch of technology. It attempts to meet the needs of the growing number of engineers, technologists, and applied physicists who are engaged in the practical exploitation of magnetic separation.
Removing molybdenite from chalcopyrite by flotation has long been a challenge due to their similar floatability as sulfide minerals. However, the difference in the magnetic susceptibility of the two minerals may be employed to address this challenge. Recently, pulsating high-gradient magnetic separation (PHGMS) has been reported effective as an environmentally friendly and economical strategy for separating chalcopyrite from molybdenite, but the mechanism of their magnetic difference is unclear. The current investigation employed crystal field theory and density functional theory calculations to theoretically elucidate the magnetic properties of these two minerals, and their difference was further demonstrated by experimental investigations. Under optimized conditions in a SLon-100 cyclic PHGMS separator, a chalcopyrite concentrate assaying 31.47% Cu and 0.44% Mo at 81.93% Cu and 5.56% Mo recoveries was produced from a pure chalcopyrite-molybdenite mixture that initially contained 26.29% Cu and 5.42% Mo. After the separation process, the Cu grade decreased to 15.06%, whereas the Mo grade increased to 16.22% in the nonmagnetic product. These findings have potential implications for the separation of chalcopyrite from molybdenite using PHGMS.
This book includes 12 papers from around the world on topics related to physical separation and enrichment in mineral processing. Physical separation is commonly used in the mineral industry to separate valuable minerals from gangues using differences in their physical properties. Physical separation methods have several advantages over other mineral processing techniques due to their high efficiency, low capital and operating costs, no additional chemicals required, and consequently, lower environmental hazard. They can be applied to the ores from mines or tailinsg, or in the recycling stage for scavenging the desired elements.
Wills' Mineral Processing Technology provides practising engineers and students of mineral processing, metallurgy and mining with a review of all of the common ore-processing techniques utilized in modern processing installations. Now in its Seventh Edition, this renowned book is a standard reference for the mineral processing industry. Chapters deal with each of the major processing techniques, and coverage includes the latest technical developments in the processing of increasingly complex refractory ores, new equipment and process routes. This new edition has been prepared by the prestigious J K Minerals Research Centre of Australia, which contributes its world-class expertise and ensures that this will continue to be the book of choice for professionals and students in this field.This latest edition highlights the developments and the challenges facing the mineral processor, particularly with regard to the environmental problems posed in improving the efficiency of the existing processes and also in dealing with the waste created. The work is fully indexed and referenced. - The classic mineral processing text, revised and updated by a prestigious new team - Provides a clear exposition of the principles and practice of mineral processing, with examples taken from practice - Covers the latest technological developments and highlights the challenges facing the mineral processor - New sections on environmental problems, improving the efficiency of existing processes and dealing with waste.
The Problems of Sulphur discusses all aspects of the problems associated with sulfur in coal. The book is divided into three parts. Part 1 addresses the forms of sulfur in coal and evaluates processes directed at the chemical removal of sulphur. Part 2 expands on this to look at alternative means of removing sulfur both physically and biologically, sulfur removal during the combustion of coal and flue gas desulfurization processes. Part 3 looks at the role of sulphates in the atmosphere from the points of view of their formation, transport and deposition and of their effects on health, materials and the atmosphere. The book will be of value to engineers, environmentalists, and chemists.
Nanomagnetism: Fundamentals and Applications is a complete guide to the theory and practical applications of magnetism at the nanometer scale. It covers a wide range of potential applications including materials science, medicine, and the environment. A tutorial covers the special magnetic properties of nanoscale systems in various environments, from free clusters to nanostructured materials. Subsequent chapters focus on the current state of research in theory and experiment in specific areas, and also include applications of nanoscale systems to synthesizing high-performance materials and devices. - The only book on nanomagnetism to cover such a wide area of applications - Includes a tutorial section that covers all the fundamental theory - Serves as a comprehensive guide for people entering the field