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Hierarchical structures are those assemblages of molecular units or their aggregates embedded within other particles or aggregates that may, in turn, be part of even larger units of increasing levels of organization. This volume reviews the state of the art of synthetic techniques and processing procedures for assembling these structures. Typical natural-occurring systems used as models for synthetic efforts and insight on properties, unusual characteristics, and potential end-use applications are identified. Suggestions are made for research and development efforts to mimic such structures for broader applications.
Combining theoretical and historical analysis, this book develops the thesis that the concepts of 'race' and 'ethnicity' are socially constructed. It demonstrates that the social values placed upon Blacks and Irish immigrants in the US result from their placement into specific labour categories rather than from inherent attributes.
The "raison d'etre" of hierarchical dustering theory stems from one basic phe nomenon: This is the notorious non-transitivity of similarity relations. In spite of the fact that very often two objects may be quite similar to a third without being that similar to each other, one still wants to dassify objects according to their similarity. This should be achieved by grouping them into a hierarchy of non-overlapping dusters such that any two objects in ~ne duster appear to be more related to each other than they are to objects outside this duster. In everyday life, as well as in essentially every field of scientific investigation, there is an urge to reduce complexity by recognizing and establishing reasonable das sification schemes. Unfortunately, this is counterbalanced by the experience of seemingly unavoidable deadlocks caused by the existence of sequences of objects, each comparatively similar to the next, but the last rather different from the first.
Most people take the conditions they work and live in as a given, believing it to be normal that societies are stratified and that organisations are hierarchical. Many even think that this is the way it should be - and are neither willing nor able to think that it could be otherwise. This book raises the awareness of hierarchy, its complexity and longevity. It focuses on a single but fundamental problem of social systems such as dyads, groups, organisations and whole societies: Why and how does hierarchical social order persist over time? In order to investigate the question, author Thomas Diefenbach develops a general theory of the persistence of hierarchical social order. This theory interrogates the problem of the persistence of hierarchical social order from very different angles, in multi-dimensional and interdisciplinary ways. Even more crucially, it traces the very causes of the phenomenon, the reasons and interests behind hierarchy as well as the various mechanisms which keep it going. This is the first time such a theory is attempted. With the help of the theory developed in this book, it is possible to interrogate systematically, comprehensively and in detail how mindsets and behaviours as well as societal and organisational structures enable the continuation of hierarchy
Throughout the history of business employees had to adapt to managers and managers had to adapt to organizations. In the future this is reversed with managers and organizations adapting to employees. This means that in order to succeed and thrive organizations must rethink and challenge everything they know about work. The demographics of employees are changing and so are employee expectations, values, attitudes, and styles of working. Conventional management models must be replaced with leadership approaches adapted to the future employee. Organizations must also rethink their traditional structure, how they empower employees, and what they need to do to remain competitive in a rapidly changing world. This is a book about how employees of the future will work, how managers will lead, and what organizations of the future will look like. The Future of Work will help you: Stay ahead of the competition Create better leaders Tap into the freelancer economy Attract and retain top talent Rethink management Structure effective teams Embrace flexible work environments Adapt to the changing workforce Build the organization of the future And more The book features uncommon examples and easy to understand concepts which will challenge and inspire you to work differently.
New mathematical elements were introduced: Dynamic operator, self-capacity, self-set, hierarchical dynamic structure, dynamic set, self-containment and mathematical apparatus for their use. All this was caused by the need to construct fundamentally new neural networks based on the principles of functioning of the central nervous system of living organisms. Our constructive approach to set theory differs from the construction of constructive sets by A.Mostowski: we construct completely different types of constructive sets. Here, the axiom of regularity (A8) is removed from the axioms of set theory, so we naturally obtain the possibility of using singularities in the form of self-sets, self-elements, which is exactly what we need for new mathematical models for describing complex processes. Our mathematics is unusual for a mathematician, because here the fulcrum is the action, and not the result of the action as in classical mathematics. Therefore, our mathematics is adapted not only to obtain results, but also to directly control actions, which will certainly show its benefits on a fundamentally new type of neural networks with directly parallel calculations, for which it was created. Any action has much greater potential than its result. Significance of the article: in a new qualitatively different approach to the study of complex processes through new mathematical hierarchical parallel dynamic structures, in particular those processes that are dealt with by Synergetics. Our approach is not based on deterministic equations that generate self-organization, which is very difficult to study and gives very small results for a very limited class of problems and does not provide the most important thing - the structure of self-organization. We are just starting from the assumed structure of self-organization, since we are interested not so much in the numerical calculation of this as in the structure of self-organization itself, its formation (construction) for the necessary purposes and its management. Although we are also interested in numerical calculations. Nobel laureates in physics 2023 Ferenc Kraus and his colleagues Pierre Agostini and Anna Lhuillier used a short-pulse laser to generate attosecond pulses of light to study the fuzzy dynamics of electrons in matter. According to our Theory of singularities of the type synthesizing, its action corresponds to singularity , which allows one to reach the upper level of subtle energies to manipulate lower levels. In April 2023, we proposed using a short-pulse laser to achieve the desired goals by a directly parallel neural network. We then proposed the fundamental development of this directly parallel neural network. The significance of our monograph is in the formation of the presumptive mathematical structure of subtle energies, this is being done for the first time in science, and the presumptive classification of the mathematical structures of subtle energies for the first time. The experiments of the 2022 Nobel laureates Asle Ahlen, John Clauser, Anton Zeilinger and the experiments in chemistry Nazhipa Valitov eloquently demonstrate that we are right and that these studies are necessary. Be that as it may, we created classes of new mathematical structures, new fuzzy mathematical singularities, i.e., made a contribution to the development of mathematics.
In the recent decades, computational procedures have been applied to an increasing extent in engineering and the physical sciences. Mostly, two separate fields have been considered, namely, the analysis of solids and structures and the analysis of fluid flows. These continuous advances in analyses are of much interest to physicists, mathematicians and in particular, engineers. Also, computational fluid and solid mechanics are no longer treated as entirely separate fields of applications, but instead, coupled fluid and solid analysis is being pursued. The objective of the Book Series is to publish monographs, textbooks, and proceedings of conferences of archival value, on any subject of computational fluid dynamics, computational solid and structural mechanics, and computational multi-physics dynamics. The publications are written by and for physicists, mathematicians and engineers and are to emphasize the modeling, analysis and solution of problems in engineering.
This book examines the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, its varied uses, as well as its limitations for solving real-world scenarios. While the simplicity of the method compels users to find shortcuts to a real-world problem, it also leads to obtaining wrong results that do not represent reality. By alerting practitioners about the core necessities of a new scenario, this book helps solve this problem, as well as contribute to the field of Multicriteria Decision Making Method (MDCM). The authors use a demonstrative, rather than a theoretical approach, and examine 30 subjects that displays the shortcomings and drawbacks of the AHP. Each one is examined in-depth, discussed, debated and reasoned, using examples, some of them numeric. The book highlights the rationality and common sense of the subjects, and in most cases, validates the criticism by showing through numerical examples, the impossibility of the AHP method to address, let alone solve real-world projects. At the conclusion of each subject, a table is built comparing the similarities and differences between the opinions of the authors and other experts, along with the respective pros and cons.
"Ecosystem" is an intuitively appealing concept to most ecologists, but, in spite of its widespread use, the term remains diffuse and ambiguous. The authors of this book argue that previous attempts to define the concept have been derived from particular viewpoints to the exclusion of others equally possible. They offer instead a more general line of thought based on hierarchy theory. Their contribution should help to counteract the present separation of subdisciplines in ecology and to bring functional and population/community ecologists closer to a common approach. Developed as a way of understanding highly complex organized systems, hierarchy theory has at its center the idea that organization results from differences in process rates. To the authors the theory suggests an objective way of decomposing ecosystems into their component parts. The results thus obtained offer a rewarding method for integrating various schools of ecology.