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Originally published in 1975, Volume 2 of this Handbook looks at areas traditionally associated with learning theory such as conditioning, discrimination and behavior theory. It deals with concepts and theories growing principally out of laboratory studies of conditioning and learning. The intention was to treat mechanisms, processes, and principles of some generality – applicable at least to all vertebrates. It was becoming well understood that detailed interpretations of particular behaviors required the authors to take account of the way general principles operate in the context of species-specific behavioral organizations and developmental histories; but detailed consideration of just how these interpretations were accomplished for different animal forms was another enterprise. Here the authors limit their task to abstracting from the enormous literature facts and ideas which seemed general enough to be of interest and perhaps utility to investigators in other disciplines at the time. Volume 1 presented an overview of the field and introduced the principal theoretical and methodological issues that persistently recurred in the expanded treatments of specific research areas that comprise the later volumes. Volume 3 looks at human learning and motivation, while the last 3 volumes range over the many active lines of research identified with human cognitive processes at the time.
Originally published in 1975, Volume 2 of this Handbook looks at areas traditionally associated with learning theory such as conditioning, discrimination and behavior theory. It deals with concepts and theories growing principally out of laboratory studies of conditioning and learning. The intention was to treat mechanisms, processes, and principles of some generality – applicable at least to all vertebrates. It was becoming well understood that detailed interpretations of particular behaviors required the authors to take account of the way general principles operate in the context of species-specific behavioral organizations and developmental histories; but detailed consideration of just how these interpretations were accomplished for different animal forms was another enterprise. Here the authors limit their task to abstracting from the enormous literature facts and ideas which seemed general enough to be of interest and perhaps utility to investigators in other disciplines at the time. Volume 1 presented an overview of the field and introduced the principal theoretical and methodological issues that persistently recurred in the expanded treatments of specific research areas that comprise the later volumes. Volume 3 looks at human learning and motivation, while the last 3 volumes range over the many active lines of research identified with human cognitive processes at the time.
Is it possible at present to identify a core cluster of theoretical ideas, concepts, and methods with which everyone working in the area of learning and cognition needs to be familiar? Would it be possible to make explicit the relationships that we feel do or must exist among the various subspecialties, ranging from conditioning through perceptual learning and memory to psycholinguistics, and to present these in a sufficiently organized way to help specialists and non-specialists alike in relating particular lines of research to the broader spectrum of activity? These questions were posed to a substantial number of investigators who were most active in developing the ideas and doing the research in the early 1970s. Originally published between 1975 and 1978, their response constitutes this 6-volume Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes. The volumes survey the research and theory on learning and cognitive processes that were rapidly developing at the time. The primary orientation was to concentrate on research and models aimed toward the development of general cognitive theory. They were up-to-date with regard to theoretical and technical developments, and sufficiently self-contained to be readable by anyone with a reasonable scientific background, regardless of their acquaintance with the technical jargon of particular specialties. Previously out of print, the Handbook is now available again, as a set or as individual volumes.
From the Foreword: "Is it possible at present to identify a core cluster of theoretical ideas, concepts, and methods with which everyone working in the area of learning and cognition needs to be familiar? Would it be possible to make explicit the relationships that we feel do or must exist among the various subspecialties, ranging from conditioning through perceptual learning and memory to psycholinguistics, and to present these in a sufficiently organized way to help specialists and non-specialists alike in relating particular lines of research to the broader spectrum of activity? These questions were posed to a substantial number of investigators who are currently most active in developing the ideas and doing the research. Their response constitutes this Handbook..." First published in 1975, Volume 1 of this Handbook attempts to present an overview of the field and to introduce the principal theoretical and methodological issues that will persistently recur in the expanded treatments of specific research areas that comprise the later volumes. Deferring to the current Zeitgeist rather than to chronology, they begin with the present state of cognitive psychology, then introduce the comparative approach, and conclude this volume with a rapid, three-chapter review of the evolution of ideas from conditioning to information processing.
Originally published in 1978, Volume 6 concludes the survey of research and theory on learning and cognitive processes that was envisaged when the plan for this Handbook was sketched. The primary orientation in the planning the Handbook was to concentrate on research and models aimed toward the development of general cognitive theory. The first five chapters of this volume are organized in relation to one of the research areas that had expanded most vigorously during the period of planning and writing of the Handbook. These chapters treat aspects of psycholinguistics most closely related to research and theory covered in the other volumes. Perhaps the most fertile source of new concepts and models closely related to other branches of cognitive theory has been research on semantic memory. This work is given a critical review and interpretation by Smith in the first chapter of this volume, following which some lines of theoretical developmental leading "upward" into problems of comprehension of meaningful material are reviewed by Kintsch, then connections "downward" into more elementary problems of coding in memory by Johnson. Also, Johnson’s chapter shades into the very active current body of work on perceptual and memorial processes in reading, carried further by Baron’s examination of perceptual learning in relation to letter and word recognition. Finally, we consider inputs to the psycholinguistic system via speech and speech perception. The strong emphasis of Pisoni’s chapter on speech perception rather than production simply reflects both the predominance of research on perceptual aspects of speech in the current cognitive literature and the close relationships of this research to other lines of investigation of perception and short-term memory. Some knowledge of the history of the subject and some understanding of the way some of the more persuasive concepts and principles have evolved may serve present-day investigators better than boosting their reading rates. The final chapter of the present volume provides some documentation for this last suggestion.
Originally published in 1978, Volume 6 concludes the survey of research and theory on learning and cognitive processes that was envisaged when the plan for this Handbook was sketched. The primary orientation in the planning the Handbook was to concentrate on research and models aimed toward the development of general cognitive theory. The first five chapters of this volume are organized in relation to one of the research areas that had expanded most vigorously during the period of planning and writing of the Handbook. These chapters treat aspects of psycholinguistics most closely related to research and theory covered in the other volumes. Perhaps the most fertile source of new concepts and models closely related to other branches of cognitive theory has been research on semantic memory. This work is given a critical review and interpretation by Smith in the first chapter of this volume, following which some lines of theoretical developmental leading "upward" into problems of comprehension of meaningful material are reviewed by Kintsch, then connections "downward" into more elementary problems of coding in memory by Johnson. Also, Johnson’s chapter shades into the very active current body of work on perceptual and memorial processes in reading, carried further by Baron’s examination of perceptual learning in relation to letter and word recognition. Finally, we consider inputs to the psycholinguistic system via speech and speech perception. The strong emphasis of Pisoni’s chapter on speech perception rather than production simply reflects both the predominance of research on perceptual aspects of speech in the current cognitive literature and the close relationships of this research to other lines of investigation of perception and short-term memory. Some knowledge of the history of the subject and some understanding of the way some of the more persuasive concepts and principles have evolved may serve present-day investigators better than boosting their reading rates. The final chapter of the present volume provides some documentation for this last suggestion.
Originally published in 1976, Volume 3 of this Handbook deals primarily with conditions of acquisition, retention and forgetting, and the manner in which acquired information and motivation combine to determine performance. The organization of this volume can be understood in terms of four principal categories. The first category deals with general problems of methodology, the second and third with basic concepts arising from research on human learning and performance and the fourth with applications. Volume 1 presented an overview of the field and introduced principal theoretical and methodological issues that persistently recurred in the expanded treatment of specific research areas which comprise the later volumes. The areas traditionally associated with conditioning, learning theory and the basic psychology of human learning are treated in Volumes 2 and 3. The last three volumes will range over active lines of research having to do with human cognitive processes, at the time: Volume 4, attention, memory storage and retrieval; Volumes 5 and 6, information processing, reading, semantic memory, and problem solving.
Originally published in 1976, Volume 3 of this Handbook deals primarily with conditions of acquisition, retention and forgetting, and the manner in which acquired information and motivation combine to determine performance. The organization of this volume can be understood in terms of four principal categories. The first category deals with general problems of methodology, the second and third with basic concepts arising from research on human learning and performance and the fourth with applications. Volume 1 presented an overview of the field and introduced principal theoretical and methodological issues that persistently recurred in the expanded treatment of specific research areas which comprise the later volumes. The areas traditionally associated with conditioning, learning theory and the basic psychology of human learning are treated in Volumes 2 and 3. The last three volumes will range over active lines of research having to do with human cognitive processes, at the time: Volume 4, attention, memory storage and retrieval; Volumes 5 and 6, information processing, reading, semantic memory, and problem solving.
This series will include monographs and collections of studies devoted to the investigation and exploration of knowledge, information, and data-processing systems of all kinds, no matter whether human, (other) animal, or machine. Its scope is intended to span the full range of interests from classical problems in the philosophy of mind and philosophical psychology through issues in cognitive psychology and sociobiology (concerning the mental capabilities of other species) to ideas related to artificial intelligence and computer science. While primary emphasis will be placed upon theoretical, conceptual, and epistemological aspects of these problems and domains, empirical, experimental, and methodological studies will also appear from time to time. While most philosophers and psychologists tend to believe that the rise of cognitive psychology has occurred concomitant with the decline of operant psychology, Terry L. Smith contends that nothing could be further from the truth. He maintains that operant psychology has discovered (and continues to discover) reasonably well-confirmed causal principles of intentional behavior, which go beyond what cognitive psychology can provide, while cognitive psychology, in tum, has the potential to supply analyses (and explanations) that account for them. Smith thus advances a surprising but nonetheless illuminating perspective for appreciating the place of operant conditioning within the discipline of psychology in this rich and fascinating work. J. H. F.