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The field of antioxidant research has grown rapidly over the last 30 years and shows no sign of slowing down. In order to understand how antioxidants work, it is essential to understand how their activity is measured. However, antioxidant activity measurements are controversial and their value has been challenged. This book addresses a number of the controversies on antioxidant testing methods. Specifically, the book highlights the importance of context, helping the reader to decide what methods are most appropriate for different situations, how the results can be interpreted and what information may be inferred from the data. There are a multiplicity of methods for measuring activity, with no standardized method approved for in vitro or in vivo testing. In order to select an appropriate method, a thorough knowledge of the processes associated with reduction-oxidation is essential, leading to an improved understanding and use of activity measurements and the associated data. The book presents background information, in a unique style, which is designed to assist readers to grasp the fundamentals of redox processes, as well as thermodynamics and kinetics, which are essential to later chapters. Recovery and extraction of antioxidants from diverse matrices are presented in a clear and logical fashion along with methods used to determine antioxidant activity from a mechanistic perspective. Other chapters present current methodologies used for activity testing in different sample types ranging from foods and plants, to body fluids and even to packaging, but always with a strong emphasis on the nature of the sample and the underlying chemistry of the method. A number of emerging techniques for assessing antioxidant behaviour, namely, electrochemical methods, chip technology exploiting microfluidic devices, metabolomics plus studies of gene and protein expression, are examined. Ultimately, these techniques will be involved in generation of "big data" for which an understanding of chemometrics will be essential in drawing valid conclusions. The book is written to appeal to a wide audience, but will be particularly helpful for any researchers who are attempting to make sense of the vast literature and often conflicting messages on antioxidant activity.
Contains new and expanded material on antioxidants in beverages and herbal products, nitric oxide and selenium, and the effect of vitamin C on cardiovascular disease and of lipoic acid on aging, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance! Offering over 4200 contemporary references-2000 more than the previous edition-the Second Edition of the Handbook of Antioxidants is an up-to-the-minute source for nutritionists and dietitians, cell biologists and biochemists, cardiologists, oncologists, dermatologists, and medical students in these disciplines.
Free radicals and other reactive oxygen species are constantly formed in the human body and have been implicated in human diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson's disease, and malaria. This observation has raised the possibility that antioxidants could act as prophylactic agents. However, it remains to be fully established whether oxidative stress makes a significant contribution to the pathology of a given disease or whether it is an epiphenomenon. Indeed, development of specific assays applicable to humans would greatly contribute to our understanding of the role played by free radicals and their modulation by antioxidants in normal physiology and in human diseases. This book addresses the key methodological questions.
Handbook of Antioxidants contains information on natural and man-made antioxidants, which are added to industrial products. The book contains 5 chapters, each discussing different aspect of phenomena occurring when materials are exposed to ambient air which contains oxygen, ozone, singlet oxygen, and many other oxidizing species (radicals).
Interest in the science of exercise dates back to the time of ancient Greece. Today exercise is viewed not only as a leisurely activity but also as an effective preventive and therapeutic tool in medicine. Further biomedical studies in exercise physiology and biochemistry reports that strenuous physical exercise might cause oxidative lipid damage in various tissues. The generation of reactive oxygen species is elevated to a level that overwhelms the tissue antioxidant defense systems resulting in oxidative stress. The Handbook of Oxidants and Antioxidants in Exercise examines the different aspects of exercise-induced oxidative stress, its management, and how reactive oxygen may affect the functional capacity of various vital organs and tissues. It includes key related issues such as analytical methods, environmental factors, nutrition, aging, organ function and several pathophysiological processes. This timely publication will be of relevance to those in biomedical science and was designed to be readily understood by the general scientific audience.
Designed for scientists and engineers involved in the chemistry and technology of antioxidants, the Second Edition of this popular handbook continues to provide comprehensive data on the thermodynamics and reactivity of antioxidants. Fully revised and updated, the Second Edition provides the latest data on antioxidants and polymer stabilizers, new data for biological antioxidants, a corrected list of bond dissociation energies, and a full bibliography. Additions and changes in the New Edition: The latest data on O-H bond dissociation energies of phenols and the new scale these values Thermodynamic functions of antioxidants and their intermediate presented in tables A table with current data on dissociation energies of C-H bonds of hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing compounds Rate constants and activation energies of reactions of antioxidants with ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and hydroperoxide Kinetic characteristics of benzoquinine reactions with antioxidants Rate constants of free radical generation through biomolecular reactions with ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and hydroperoxide All calculated data from the first edition has been recalculated in accordance with new data on dissociation energies and parameters of reactivity Data on thermodynamics of hydrogen bond formation of antioxidants All data on cyclic mechanisms of chain termination by antioxidants collected into a special chapter Special chapters on bioantioxidants and stabilization of polymers The Handbook of Antioxidants puts essential data at your fingertips. Its comprehensive nature and ease-of-use make it the resource for scientific researchers and engineers working in the field of physical chemistry of antioxidants.
To quantify antioxidants in natural sources, the application of chromatography techniques with different detectors followed by skillful sample preparation is necessary. Analysis of Antioxidant-Rich Phytochemicals is the first book that specifically covers and summarizes the details of sample preparation procedures and methods developed to identify and quantify various types of natural antioxidants in foods. Focusing on the principle of quantification methods for natural antioxidants, the book reviews and summarizes current methods used in the determination of antioxidant-rich phytochemicals in different sources. Chapter by chapter, the distinguished team of authors describes the various methods used for analysis of the different antioxidant-rich phytochemicals – phenolic acids; carotenoids; anthocyanins; ellagitannins, flavonols and flavones; catechins and procyanidins; flavanones; stilbenes; phytosterols; and tocopherols and tocotrienols. Going beyond extensive reviews of the scientific literature, the expert contributors call on their accumulated experience in sample extraction and analysis to outline procedures, identify potential problems in dealing with different samples, and offer trouble-shooting tips for the analysis. Analysis of Antioxidant-Rich Phytochemicals covers the important food applications and health-promoting functions of the major antioxidant phytochemicals, presents general analysis principles and procedures, and systematically reviews and summarizes the various analytical methods necessary for each type of natural antioxidant in different food sources.
Covering a wide range of popular alternative medicine and health issues, User's Guides are written by leading experts and science writers and are designed to answer the consumer's basic questions about disease, conventional and alternative therapies, and individual dietary supplements.
Designed for scientists and engineers involved in the physical chemistry of antioxidants, the Handbook of Antioxidants contains comprehensive data on the thermodynamics and reactivity of antioxidants. It includes: bond dissociation energies of antioxidants such as phenols (O-H bonds), aromatic amines (N-H bonds), hydroxyl amines (O-H bonds), thiophenols (S-H bonds) o activation energies and rate constants of reactions of peroxyl radicals with antioxidants o rate constants of reactions of phenoxyl, aminyl, and nitroxyl radicals with RH, ROOH, phenols, thiophenols, amines and hydroxyl amines and rate constants of reactions of antioxidants with hydroperoxides and oxygen.