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Financial and policy measures are needed to improve access-to-finance conditions for women-led companies. EIB's InnovFin Advisory assesses the access-to-risk-capital conditions for women-driven companies in Europe in comparison to mainly the US. While women-led companies still account for a small portion of deal flow and overall volume invested, the rate of growth has increased. Nevertheless, structural inequalities and persistent biases hinder the transition to a better functioning funding environment. The study puts forth a number of innovation finance and policy related recommendations. Restarting the EU economy after the coronavirus pandemic provides a unique opportunity to include the gender dimension.
Land-locked between its giant neighbors, Russia and China, Mongolia was the first Asian country to adopt communism and the first to abandon it. When the Soviet Union collapsed in the early 1990s, Mongolia turned to international financial agencies—including the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the Asian Development Bank—for help in compensating for the economic changes caused by disruptions in the communist world. Modern Mongolia is the best-informed and most thorough account to date of the political economy of Mongolia during the past decade. In it, Morris Rossabi explores the effects of the withdrawal of Soviet assistance, the role of international financial agencies in supporting a pure market economy, and the ways that new policies have led to greater political freedom but also to unemployment, poverty, increasingly inequitable distribution of income, and deterioration in the education, health, and well-being of Mongolian society. Rossabi demonstrates that the agencies providing grants and loans insisted on Mongolia's adherence to a set of policies that did not generally take into account the country's unique heritage and society. Though the sale of state assets, minimalist government, liberalization of trade and prices, a balanced budget, and austerity were supposed to yield marked economic growth, Mongolia—the world's fifth-largest per capita recipient of foreign aid—did not recover as expected. As he details this painful transition from a collective to a capitalist economy, Rossabi also analyzes the cultural effects of the sudden opening of Mongolia to democracy. He looks at the broader implications of Mongolia's international situation and considers its future, particularly in relation to China.
This publication examines Mongolia’s recent economic development and outlines reforms that would help the country take advantage of its many opportunities. Mongolia is rich in natural resources and, although landlocked, is well-placed to boost trade with its two giant neighbors. The country needs to diversify its economy beyond mining, enhance economic stability, and increase employment. To maximize Mongolia’s potential the government can improve macroeconomic management, enhance the skill base, and provide hard and soft infrastructure to promote trade and efficient logistics. Governance and institutional reforms are also crucial. The government will need to continue to drive reforms so that they are well implemented and deliver the intended change.
This report presents data about the current living conditions and challenges faced by persons with disabilities in Mongolia. Policy implications are identified based on the country's Law on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The last decade has seen increased recognition of the rights of persons with disabilities (PWDs) in Mongolia and the rest of the world. Yet, there is a call to put these rights into practice. This report presents data and information about the current living conditions and challenges faced by persons with disabilities in Mongolia. It summarizes the latest findings from a five-year project of the Asian Development Bank and the Government of Mongolia aiming to address the need for community-based services and support for PWDs. Key policy implications are identified for the project, which builds on the Law on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and covers the period 2018-2022.