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The wealth of petroleum has made the Middle East one of the most actively explored regions of the world. The volume of geological, geophysical and geochemical data collected by the petroleum industry in recent decades is enormous. The Middle East may be a unique region in the world where the volume of subsurface data and information exceeds that based on surface outcrop.This book reviews the tectonic and geological history of the Middle East and the regional hydrocarbon potential on a country by country basis in the context of current ideas developed through seismic and sequence stratigraphy and incorporating the ideas of global sea level change.Subsurface data have been used as much as possible to amplify the descriptions.The paleogeographic approach provides a means to view the area as a whole. While the country by country approach inevitably leads to some repetition, it enhances the value of the volume as a teaching tool and underlines some of the changing lithologies within formations carrying the same name.
Using full-colour palaeogeographical maps from the Cambrian to the present, this interdisciplinary volume explains how plate motions and surface volcanism are linked to processes in the Earth's mantle, and to climate change and the evolution of the Earth's biota. These new and very detailed maps provide a complete and integrated Phanerozoic story of palaeogeography. They illustrate the development of all the major mountain-building orogenies. Old lands, seas, ice caps, volcanic regions, reefs, and coal beds are highlighted on the maps, as well as faunal and floral provinces. Many other original diagrams show sections from the Earth's core, through the mantle, and up to the lithosphere, and how Large Igneous Provinces are generated, helping to understand how plates have appeared, moved, and vanished through time. Supplementary resources are available online, making this an invaluable reference for researchers, graduate students, professional geoscientists and anyone interested in the geological history of the Earth.
From the geological mysteries of shale formations to cutting-edge techniques in gas extraction, this book unveils the essential knowledge to harness the potential of shale gas. The book integrates various data types such as outcrop, well logs, core data, etc.) for hydrofracturing—from basin-scale to nano-pore-scale. The book included a wealth of information on the latest advancements, industry practices, environmental considerations, policies, and more. In a world increasingly conscious of environmental concerns, "Cleaner Energy from the Earth" offers a fresh perspective on the utilization of shale gas as a cleaner fossil fuel alternative. This comprehensive book takes the reader on a captivating journey through the science, technology, and innovation driving shale gas exploration and exploitation towards a greener future. Whether you're a seasoned industry professional, a student, or a curious reader, this book provides a comprehensive and accessible resource for all levels of expertise.
In recent years, due to the high dependence of mineral projects on the precise determination of the tonnage of mineral materials, the various methods have been developed to estimate the grade such as geometric methods based on distance and geostatistics. Each method has limitations and disadvantages which affect the accuracy of estimation. One of the new methods is the grade estimation using the clustering. The cluster analysis methods are widely used in the earth sciences. The cluster grouping method is used to classify geochemical data. The cluster analysis connects the observations to each other which together have many similarities, then, the observations consecutively connect them which are most similar to previous observations. In other words, in clustering, we try to divide the data into clusters that the similarity is maximized between the data within each cluster and it is minimized between the data within the different clusters. No classes already exist in the clustering method and in fact, the variables are not divided independently and dependently, but here, the search is performed to access groups of data which are similar to each other and the behaviors can be better identified by discovering these similarities and it can be operated to achieve a better result based on them. The clustering method is an indirect method; this means that it can be used even when there is no previous information from the internal structure of the database. This method can be used to discover hidden patterns and improve the performance of direct methods. Behavioral science is under clustering methods. Behavioral science is a scientific way to identify the relationship between elements to identify the causes of this relationship There has long been a debate over how to identify the relationship between elements in different ways. Hence, the correlation of the elements can be mentioned. There are different types. But for a better view, we can say that all methods that show us the behavior of one or more elements to an element or group of elements are called behavioral. These methods can use different parameters to evaluate the behavior of the elements. Methods that examine the distances between elements in different ways than methods that summarize the dimensions of the data and search for the behavioral pattern of the data. The methods introduced in different books are always without operational training, and this leads the readers only to the theory of method. Therefore, we intend to put all the introduced and innovative methods with instructions so that you can get acquainted with its theory and learn how to get the outputs of that method. For example, we introduce methods that require the use of special software and try to bring you closer to the goal. Although some methods are not designed for any software, in this book we will provide you with the written code of MATLAB software that you can use to access the provided outputs. The main question arises when to measure behavior. The answer is that you can measure behavior at all stages of a project. When we want to understand the strange changes of the elements relative to each other or we examine the behavior of the joints and gaps in relation to the element. Even when we want to find out from the extensive analysis of one element in the region the concentration of other elements. Let's look at the petrological structures of the region or try to discover the mineralization type of a region. In this book, we intend to examine the following methods. - Correlation - Hierarchical analysis - K - Means - Regression analysis - PCA (Principal Component Analysis) - DA(Discriminant Analysis)
"This volume covers many of the important advances in the geological sciences from 1963 to 2013. These advances include understanding plate tectonics, exploration of the Moon and Mars, development of new computing and analytical technologies, understanding of the role of microbiology in geologic processes, and many others"--Provided by publisher.
This volume presents results of a variety of case studies documenting the Late Palaeozoic climate changes and cyclicity of deposition. The collected papers cover many aspects related to palaeoenvironmental analysis with sedimentological, stratigraphic, palaeobiological, geochemical, and palaeomagnetic studies of the fossil record around the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age and soon after. They span a stratigraphic interval from Carboniferous to Permian–Triassic transition around the world. This book comprising results for a range of disciplines, is a valuable source for not only researchers who are actively working on specific aspects of the Late Palaeozoic and looking for an up-to-date reference on this inhospitable time in the Earth’s history. It is also of interest to climate modellers and the wider scientific community with an interest in the latest research on the decline of the Palaeozoic World.