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This book provides an insight into the global practices for environmental management of military live-fire training ranges by combining scientific research with practical solutions to ensure continued training capability. The book is divided into four parts: the first provides background information necessary to understand the scientific principles behind environmental management; the second comprises methodologies for the environmental risk assessment of explosives and munitions; the third collates case studies and innovative management techniques that have been applied to reduce remediation costs; while the final section considers the design of 'greener or insensitive munitions' to reduce environmental impact. The book is an essential reference guide for those with a responsibility for environmental management of military training ranges, and who are required to ensure sustainable long-term training capability.
This book provides an insight into the global practices for environmental management of military live-fire training ranges by combining scientific research with practical solutions to ensure continued training capability. The book is divided into four parts: the first provides background information necessary to understand the scientific principles behind environmental management; the second comprises methodologies for the environmental risk assessment of explosives and munitions; the third collates case studies and innovative management techniques that have been applied to reduce remediation costs; while the final section considers the design of 'greener or insensitive munitions' to reduce environmental impact. The book is an essential reference guide for those with a responsibility for environmental management of military training ranges, and who are required to ensure sustainable long-term training capability.
Military training areas (MTAs) cover an estimated 2-3 percent of the Earth's terrestrial environment, occurring in all major biomes. These areas are important supplementary sites for biodiversity conservation, with the potential to increase the global protected area network by approximately 12-15 percent if recognised for their environmental values and managed appropriately. Despite the significant area that MTAs occupy, and their potential contribution to biodiversity protection globally, there is a paucity of research and understanding of their environmental values, and how best to integrate management of military training and environmental values. My research focussed on understanding and integrating management of the military training and environmental values found on MTAs. The first part of my research focussed on understanding the military training and environmental values of MTAs. This research highlighted that only limited empirical data exist on the environmental values of these areas. An investigation of the Australian MTA management framework revealed that management of military training and environmental values are not integrated. Second, I focussed on developing a set of management principles to guide the management of MTAs. As MTAs are unique, with no other land management unit being subject to similar types of impacts, the principles combine existing and novel approaches for the management of these areas. Central to the design of the principles are two adaptive management loops that integrate military training and environmental management outcomes. This is the first time that two adaptive management loops have been used to manage the one land use activity. The final part of my research focussed on 1. Developing a land management model and management prescriptions for MTAs that integrate the management of the military training and environmental values of these areas, allowing for improved management outcomes that are transparent and accountable, and, 2. Providing guidance, in the absence of further detailed environmental information, on how best to manage military training-related environmental disturbance. The land management model consists of two management equations and a four-part management condition test that, when appropriately applied, should result in improved management outcomes for both the military training and environmental values of MTAs. The new approach allows for the assessment of different MTA land management configurations prior to on-ground implementation. The model also makes provision for the incorporation of management costs. Guidance on how best to manage military training-related environmental disturbance was developed by initially investigating the causes for military training-related disturbance and simulating military training-related environmental disturbance at different range usage rates under a typical range rotation use strategies. These results were compared to estimated ecosystem recovery rates from training activities. We found that even at relatively low usage rates, random allocation and random spatial use of training ranges within an MTA resulted in environmental degradation. To avoid large scale environmental degradation, we developed a decision-making tool that details the best method for managing training-related disturbance by determining how training activities can be allocated to training ranges. Collectively, the research in this thesis has resulted in the development of a new approach to the management of MTAs that allows for better integration of the military training and environmental values.
Commercial facilities have discovered that pursuing integrated, facility wide approaches to environmental management is good for the environment and makes good business sense. Direct benefits can include cost savings, increased operational flexibility, and improved public image. But despite the benefits, implementation can be difficult, as Department of Defense (DoD) installations have discovered while trying such integrated approaches. Commercial facilities similar to DoD installations offer insights about how to implement integrated approaches successfully. Demonstrated success factors include getting and sustaining high-level leadership support for change until change is complete, which will take time; implementing an effective environmental management system, often based on an international environmental management standard, ISO 14001, throughout the organization; establishing proactive environmental goals and activities with clear relationships to the organization's core values and mission; training and motivating personnel; using creative environmental assessment and priority setting techniques; developing good relationships with all stakeholders. The commercial lessons offered here can help DoD and other organizations implement integrated facility wide approaches to environmental anagement.
Like many large organizations, the Department of Defense (DoD) faces a serious challenge trying to balance core military, financial, and environmental goals. Over the last 15 years, DoD and other large, complex, global organizations have turned increasingly to proactive environmental management to balance such competing goals more successfully. Proactive approaches give organizations strategic flexibility but are difficult to implement. The authors first summarize how commercial firms have implemented proactive environmental management in weapon system design, logistics, base management, and environmental cleanup, then draw implications for DoD's environmental management efforts in these areas. The authors then propose an approach based on total quality management to define and monitor the details of this implementation effort.
Do housing and equity booms significantly raise the probability of extremely bad outcomes at the margin? This study addresses this question for a group of 8 East Asian countries. The main findings are the following: (i) Asset price booms in housing and equity markets, either separately or jointly but especially in housing, significantly raise the probability at the margin that (a) the real output gap will be in the left tail of its distribution, in whichoutput is significantly below trend, and (b) the price-level gap will be in the right tail of its distribution, in which the price level is significantly above trend. At the margin, the risk of the occurrence of these particular tail events due to asset price booms is largely asymmetric and doesnot apply to the tails of good outcomes; and (ii) Expected real output andprice level outcomes that are either obtained without conditioning on assetprice booms or are obtained conditional on asset price booms using the normal approximation underestimate the risk of tail events and lead to less pessimistic but misleading inferences. One implication for monetary policy is that an approach that is ex-ante more compatible with risk management may be appropriate.