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The Vernonieae in America is herein defined to exclude the Liabeae and Pseudostifftia (Moquinieae), and to include elements sometimes placed in the Heliantheae (Trichospira) or Lactuceae (Stokesia). Pollen, style bases, raphids, inflorescence form, involucre, anther appendage, and chemistry are some characters used in the reclassification. Tables 1-12 indicate the distribution of these characteristics in most American genera. Vernonia s.s., with type A pollen, is typified by V. noveboracensis (L.) and occurs in the Bahamas, eastern North America, south to central Mexico and has two species in temperate South America. All other species previously placed in Vernonia need to be removed from the genus, a process that is nearly complete for neotropical species. Most American Vernonieae seem to form a single related subgroup in the tribe. Subtribes included in the related subgroup are the Lychnophorinae (x 15, 17, 18) and Centratherinae (x 16) with type A pollen and furoheliangolides; Piptocarphinae (x 17) with type A pollen, deciduous inner involucre, and sometimes opposite leaves; Vernoniinae (x 17), many with glanduliferous anther appendages (including the Lepidaploa complex mostly with echinolophate pollen); and the newly proposed subtribes Sipolisiinae with type A pollen, armed receptacles, and carbonized achenes; Chrestinae with echinolophate pollen; and Leiboldiinae (x 19) with type A pollen, large heads, and a modified callus at the top of the achene. Of uncertain relationship to the preceding related subgroup are Stokesia (x 7), the Elephantopodinae (x 11, 13), and the Rolandrinae (x 8) with echinolophate pollen; three genera with type E pollen (Pacourina, Acilepidopsis, and Mesanthophora); and the Trichospirinae with type A pollen and flattened bicornute achenes. Ten subtribes are recognized, plus four unplaced generic groups. Three of the subtribal names, Leiboldiinae, Chrestinae, and Sipolisiinae are validated in the treatment. The genus Caatinganthus of eastern Brazil, a possible relative of the Elephantopinae, is described as new. A list of the 76 accepted genera of Vernonieae, native or introduced in the New World, is provided, and a complete list of names of American Vernonieae is given with an indication of their present taxonomic dispositions and geographical distributions. Fifteen new combinations are provided.
This volume contains a complete systematic treatment of the flowering plant order Asterales. This comprises 12 families with approx. 1,720 genera and about 26,300 species. Identification keys are provided for all genera, and likely phylogenetic relationships are discussed extensively. The wealth of information contained in this volume makes it an indispensable source for all working in the fields of pure and applied plant sciences.
Aspects of Brazilian Floristic Diversity: From Botany to Traditional Communities offers a unique approach in floristic diversity of the Neotropical region, specifically encompassing the Brazilian flora. This volume combines both theoretical and applied aspects of scientific making knowledge in different perspectives of Botanical Science. In this volume, botanical specialists discuss the many different approaches of taxonomic, reproductive, ecological and ethnobotanical aspects of Brazilian floristic diversity, thereby enlightening the global interest in Neotropical species, in particular those from the Brazilian territory. The book addresses relevant questions from many points of view, including anatomy, reproduction, palinology, conservation and ethnobotany, creating an in-depth perception of the flora in its complexity constitution. The book provides a comprehensive outlook on Botany Sciences, considering the history and traditional knowledge of plants, and relating it to contemporary problems and concerns of flora conservation today. With this current perspective, this book reaches a vast audience from the research lines of Botany, and encompasses a broader and interdisciplinary understanding of Aspects of Brazilian Floristic Diversity.
This book addresses chemical and biological aspects related to sesquiterpene lactones (STLs). Experts in different fields have been invited to contribute on this class of compound's chemistry, isolation and identification, biological activities (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitrypanosomal, antileishmanial,antiplasmodial, antiproliferative and antiinflammatory), synthesis, biosynthesis, derivatization and QSAR analysis. Taxonomic and chemotaxonomic aspects related to the Asteraceae family are also contributed. The book begins by describing the chemical characteristics of STLs, their classification in different skeleton types, synthesis, distribution in nature and their most important biological properties. An overview of the group's main representatives, based on their importance for human health, as well as an update of the most recently isolated STLs, follow. The authors also provide an overview of the most common methods described in the literature for the extraction, purification, identification and structure elucidation of STLs, while also highlighting more recently developed methods. Furthermore, experts in the field provide an in-depth discussion of the most commonly employed in vitro and in vivo antiprotozoal assays against the different stages of parasites, as well as STLs' properties as anticancer agents in numerous cancer cell lines and animal models. Lastly, the book presents examples of the in vitro and in vivo activity of STLs and their mechanism of antiprotozoal action, together with an analysis of ultrastructural alterations, observed using TEM techniques. The book is aimed at scientists working on natural products: both those investigating this particular group of compounds and those who wish to further explore its potential as new drugs for medical conditions such as protozoal diseases and cancer.
Seventeen species of Pearcea (Gesneriaceae) are recognized, nine of which are new: Pearcea bella, P. bilabiata, P. cordata, P. fuscicalyx, P. glabrata, P. gracilis, P. grandifolia, P. intermedia, and P. strigosa. Of the remaining eight species, two were originally described in Pearcea, one is transferred herein from Kohleria, and five come from Parakohleria, a genus placed in synonymy herein. Pearcea occurs mainly on the eastern Andean slopes of Colombia (5 species), Ecuador (12 species), Peru (6 species), and Bolivia (1 species), and one species also occurs on the western Andean slopes in Ecuador. The largest number of species appears to occur in Ecuador, although additional species may occur in less explored parts of Peru. Pearcea differs from related and similar genera in the Gloxinieae by having fleshy capsules dehiscing by two valves and exposing a sticky seed mass. All species are herbs, usually with bright red flowers, and are usually found in the shady, humid forest understory, often near small streams. Hybridization, local speciation, and polymorphic variation may complicate the species delimitation. The variable Pearcea sprucei occurs throughout nearly the entire range of the genus (and includes the only accepted variety, var. parviflora), but most species are rare and local.
Flavonoids are secondary plant products that have previously been shown to be helpful in determining relationships among plant groups. This work presents comprehensively the occurrence, patterns of variation, and systematic and evolutionary importance of flavonoids in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), the largest family of flowering plants (23,000 species). It gathers together the more than 2500 reports of flavonoids in Asteraceae published between 1950 to the present and interprets these data in context of new taxonomic (especially generic) alignments. The authors discuss flavonoid patterns with reference to modern phylogenetic studies based on morphology and DNA data. This book provides, therefore, the most exhaustive synthesis and evaluation of the systematic and evolutionary import of flavonoids ever accomplished for any large family of angiosperms.