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The plight of women in post-reform Russia has its roots in the combination of the new, untrammelled market system and the old legacy of discrimination. The Soviet Union was the first country to give women equal rights and equal pay, but this was not carried through in practice. This is the first study to apply modern econometrics to survey-data collected in the USSR. Analysis of data from Russia shows how legislative equality hid actual discrimination. Katz also challenges the conventional wisdom that, for ideological reasons, Soviet manual workers were favoured over the highly educated. Gender, Work and Wages in the Soviet Union includes a critical survey of economic theories of gender and wages and the Soviet wage-system. The final chapter brings the debate up to date by examining how old and new mechanisms of gender inequality interact in post-Soviet Russia.
Originally published in 1981, this study is concerned with the extent to which the goal of sexual equality in employment, as set out, for example, in the Soviet constitutions of 1936 or 1977, had been realised in the USSR at the time. The main focus is on the nature and extent of economic inequality in the Soviet Union; the subject has wider implications, not only for our understanding of the USSR but also for our perceptions of the way that labour markets operate in a more general setting. The book should be of interest to feminists and labour economists as well as those with a professional interest in the Soviet Union.
USSR. Compilation of articles on woman worker employment trends and the impact on family structure - discusses education of women, labour force participation, skill and educational level, occupational structure, part time employment, return to work, social implications, economic implications, changes in the social role of married women, impact on homemaker tasks, the relevance of population policies, and comments on relevant labour legislation and civil law. Bibliography pp. Xliii to xlvi, references and statistical tables.
Comparison of political aspects and socio-economic conditions determining employment policy response to the arrangement of working time for woman workers in the USA and USSR - compares labour legislation, management attitudes, trade union attitudes, public opinion, and obstacles to social reform in both countries, focussing on part time employment, reduced hours of work, flexible hours of work, work sharing, sex discrimination, etc. Graphs, references, statistical tables.
This book is a provocative analysis of the nature of the relation between women and paid work in both modernizing and industrial countries. It explores the variables that shape the relationship: demographic factors, the social and cultural context, and the direction of economic development.
In a changing world, how can we be sure that women as well as men entrepreneurs and workers obtain the benefit from these changes? Ensuring that women have the same legal opportunities as men is one part of the picture. By measuring where the law treats men and women differently, Women, Business and the Law shines a light on how women's incentives or capacity to work are affected by the legal environment and provides a basis for improving regulation. The fourth edition in a series, Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal examines laws and regulations affecting women's prospects as entrepreneurs and employees in 173 economies, across seven areas: accessing institutions, using property, getting a job, providing incentives to work, building credit, going to court, and protecting women from violence. The report's quantitative indicators are intended to inform research and policy discussions on how to improve women's economic opportunities and outcomes.
Economists and others concerned with the theory of wages or with the functioning of Soviet economy will find this investigation of the inequality of wages in the Soviet Union an illuminating study. Based on data used by Soviet administrators in making their decisions, it establishes for the first time in a scientifically acceptable manner the principles according to which differences in earnings in the U.S.S.R. are determined. It is also the first study to present comparable data on the inequality prevailing under capitalism.
Under state socialism, women fared relatively well in the labor market: female-male wage differentials were similar to those in the West, and female labor force participation rates were among the highest in the world. Have these women maintained their relative positions since the introduction of market reforms? The author investigates this question using household surveys from seven formerly socialist countries. The results indicate a consistent increase in female relative wages across Eastern Europe, and a substantial decline in female relative wages in Russia and Ukraine. Women in the latter countries have been penalized by the tremendous widening of the wage distribution in those countries. Increased wage inequality in Eastern Europe has also depressed female relative wages, but these losses have been more than offset by gains in rewards to observed skills and by an apparent decline in discrimination against women.