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"Fundamentals of Income Taxation sets out the basics of income tax law in New Zealand, concentrating on substantive rules of the tax system with limited attention to procedural and administrative matters. It provides the reader with an understanding of the structure and main provisions of the Income Tax Act 2007, revenue law in its political and economic context, and the practical problems in resolving tax cases. This textbook offers summaries and conceptual analysis of statutory provisions and cases relating to them.This textbook does not provide a broad-based grounding in all aspects of revenue law, but instead deals with the core concepts of the law of income taxation as applicable to individuals and businesses. Split into six distinct parts, Fundamentals of Income Taxation covers: Essentials of income tax and its administration; The characteristics of income; Treatment of income in the tax regime; Distinguishing capital/revenue and taxable/non-taxable; Deductions; and Tax avoidance concepts, legislation, and historic and contemporary approaches"--Back cover.
Parties to cross-border disputes arising anywhere in the vast Portuguese-speaking world – a community of more than 230 million in a space that offers a wide array of investment opportunities across four continents – increasingly seek Portugal as their preferred seat of arbitration. A signatory to all relevant international conventions, Portugal has proven to be an ‘arbitration-friendly’ jurisdiction. This volume is the first and so far only book in English that provides a thorough, in-depth analysis of international arbitration law and practice in Portugal. Its contributing authors are among the most highly regarded legal names in the country, including scholars, arbitrators, and practitioners. The authors describe how international arbitration proceedings are conducted in Portugal, what cautions should be taken, and what procedural strategies may be suitable in particular cases. They provide insightful answers to questions such as the following: What matters can be submitted to arbitration under Portuguese law? What are the validity requirements for an arbitration agreement? How do the State courts interact with arbitration proceedings and what is the attitude of such courts toward international arbitration? What are the rules governing evidentiary matters in arbitration? How is an arbitration tribunal constituted? How are arbitrators appointed? How may they be challenged? How can an international arbitral award be recognized and enforced? How does the Portuguese legal system address the issue of damages and what specific damages are admitted? How are the costs of arbitration proceedings estimated and allocated? The book includes analyses of arbitration related to specific fields of the law, notably sports, administrative, tax, intellectual property rights (especially regarding reference and generic medicines), and corporate disputes. Each chapter provides, for the topics it addresses, an examination of the applicable laws, rules, arbitration practice, and views taken by arbitral tribunals and state courts as well as those of the most highly considered scholars. As a detailed examination of the legal framework and of all procedural steps of an arbitration in Portugal, from the drafting of an arbitration agreement to the enforcement of an award, this book constitutes an invaluable resource for parties involved in or considering an international arbitration in this country. The guidance that it seeks to provide in respect of any problem likely to arise in this context can be useful to arbitrators, judges, academics, and interested lawyers.
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Despite the complications faced by the common man in implementation of GST in their concerned organizations as well as gaining an understanding of the new taxation system put in place, an attempt has been made to provide an insight to the taxation system introduced by the Government effective from 1st July, 2017. All the acts, rules, notifications, circulars and other relevant text have been compiled in a meticulous and methodical manner with the sole purpose of providing an insight to the readers. We have made an attempt to transform technicalities in legal provisions into simplified analysis thereby providing the readers a wholistic insight on each topic covered under several chapters complied in this book. Series of illustrations, FAQs, MCQs, unsolved problems under the heading of knowledge testers incorporated in each chapter is devised in a way to maximize the understanding of readers on each topic with ease.
Funds provided by taxation have been used by states and their functional equivalents throughout history to carry out many functions. Some of these include expenditures on war, the enforcement of law and public order, protection of property, economic infrastructure (roads, legal tender, enforcement of contracts, etc.), public works, social engineering, and the operation of government itself. Most modern governments also use taxes to fund welfare and public services. These services can include education systems, health care systems, pensions for the elderly, unemployment benefits, and public transportation. Energy, water and waste management systems are also common public utilities. Governments use different kinds of taxes and vary the tax rates. This is done to distribute the tax burden among individuals or classes of the population involved in taxable activities, such as business, or to redistribute resources between individuals or classes in the population.
This compact text is a one-stop guide to establishing a new venture and it attempts to address the numerous real-world problems that aspiring entrepreneurs are confronted with while launching their enterprises. The book provides certain basic but important information on the entrepreneurial process and deftly blends theory with practice. Critical issues like how to tap market opportunities, mobilize resources, and secure exclusive business rights to novel ideas are extensively discussed in the text. Besides, chapters are also devoted to methods practised in conducting feasibility studies on proposed ventures and techniques of product development process. Intended primarily for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of commerce and management, the text can also be referred to by those pursuing diploma courses on entrepreneurial development. This accessible text should also be of immense help to those bracing themselves for an entrepreneurial career. This second edition has an additional chapter (Chapter 9) on Product Pricing, which will be invaluable to all entrepreneurial firms, and an Appendix (Appendix J)--on information guide on New Venture Scheme. KEY FEATURES: Provides study questions at the end of each chapter. Gives, in Appendices, detailed information on venture capital funds, offices of Small Industries Services Institute (SISI) as well as patent offices, trademark offices, etc., in various Indian states. Acquaints the reader with global organizations, e.g. World Trade Organization (WTO) and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
It provides step-by-step instructions for Installation Creating a Company Features & Configuration Ledgers & Groups Inventory Voucher Entry Stock Journal Credit/Debit Notes Purchase and Sales Registers Accounting Reports P/L Statements Trial Balance Cheque Printing Statement of A/c Deposit Slips Bank Reconciliation Salary Processing Generating Financial Reports Cost Centre Order Processing Data Backup & Restore Payroll TDS E-Filing Emailing Concepts & Implementation of GST, GST Reports, Input Tax Credit, GSTR-1/2/3B Return, Depreciation, E-Way Bill, File quarterly e-TDS/TCS, EEZ, sales from other territories to UT, COMPOSITION SCHEME, Practical Exercises and all NEW FEATURES OF 6.1/ 6.2/6.3/6.4 ......and Much More.
Wills, Trusts, and Estates: The Essentials (“Essentials”) offers a sleek and slender presentation of wealth transfer law for an introductory law school course. Written by widely recognized scholars in the field, this text comprehensively yet concisely covers the core legal principles that are tested on the bar exam and essential to a trusts and estates practice. For a fresh perspective, Essentials incorporates current events, lively cases, and engaging examples. It also enables students to maximize out-of-class preparation time by delivering information efficiently in a streamlined and straightforward way. Each chapter contains: (1) clearly explained summaries of each doctrine, (2) explanatory narration accompanying all relevant statutory authority, (3) thoroughly edited judicial opinions followed by analytical questions and answers, and (4) realistic problem sets designed for classroom instruction that illustrate and apply each concept. New to the Second Edition: Additional core topics, including: federal constitutional law and racial discrimination in testamentary gifts; survival and wrongful death actions; forgery; tortious interference with an inheritance expectancy; electronic and do-it-yourself wills; tax apportionment clauses; waiver of spousal elective share by agreement; revocation of insurance beneficiary designations; directed trusts; and the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. New cases, including recent decisions by the United States Supreme Court, and new statutes, including uniform acts on electronic wills and directed trusts. New selection of meaningful secondary sources, including relevant empirical scholarship drawn from our own research and other prominent scholars. Professors and students will benefit from: A text that makes a challenging course accessible, lively, and interactive. It is concise yet comprehensive, and adaptable for two, three, and four credit courses. An emphasis on the development of problem-solving skills by presenting problem sets that allow students to apply newly learned legal doctrine in realistic scenarios, mostly based on litigated cases. Many problem sets are as detail-rich as the cases, which facilitates in-depth discussion of doctrinal nuance. Legal doctrine explained up front and in plain English. According to student feedback, the inclusion of plain English doctrinal summaries often obviates the need for students to purchase a study supplement. For professors, this format provides a baseline on which to build a livelier and sophisticated classroom discussion of the cases and problem sets. The questions and answers following the judicial decisions that encourage student self-assessment. Accompanying family tree diagrams in the textbook (and on the PowerPoint teaching slides) in addition to most judicial opinions, thereby allowing students to quickly ascertain the facts of each case and focus on the application of law.
Contemporary Australian Business Law makes key legal concepts accessible to business students, while maintaining academic rigour.