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On April 14, 1994, two U.S. Air Force F-15 fighters accidentally shot down two U.S. Army Black Hawk Helicopters over Northern Iraq, killing all twenty-six peacekeepers onboard. In response to this disaster the complete array of military and civilian investigative and judicial procedures ran their course. After almost two years of investigation with virtually unlimited resources, no culprit emerged, no bad guy showed himself, no smoking gun was found. This book attempts to make sense of this tragedy--a tragedy that on its surface makes no sense at all. With almost twenty years in uniform and a Ph.D. in organizational behavior, Lieutenant Colonel Snook writes from a unique perspective. A victim of friendly fire himself, he develops individual, group, organizational, and cross-level accounts of the accident and applies a rigorous analysis based on behavioral science theory to account for critical links in the causal chain of events. By explaining separate pieces of the puzzle, and analyzing each at a different level, the author removes much of the mystery surrounding the shootdown. Based on a grounded theory analysis, Snook offers a dynamic, cross-level mechanism he calls "practical drift"--the slow, steady uncoupling of practice from written procedure--to complete his explanation. His conclusion is disturbing. This accident happened because, or perhaps in spite of everyone behaving just the way we would expect them to behave, just the way theory would predict. The shootdown was a normal accident in a highly reliable organization.
Excerpt from Friendly Fire Shootdown of Army Helicopters Over Northern Iraq: Hearing Before the Military Personnel Subcommittee of the Committee on National Security House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session, Hearing Held, August 2, 1995 The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:05 a.m., in room 2118, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Robert K. Doman (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Opening Statement Of Hon. Robert K. Dornan, A Representative From California, Chairman, Military Personnel Subcommittee Mr. Dornan. The Military Personnel Subcommittee of the National Security Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives will come to order. A few explanations at the beginning for our witnesses and all other interested parties: The House will adjourn tomorrow afternoon for a district work period of about 51/2 weeks. The House of Representatives has built up a tremendous workload on our appropriations bills that we are passing over every hour to the U.S. Senate. They will not adjourn for another week. September will be a hyperactive month, as those of you know who follow the Congress of the United States, as we close on September 30 the end of the fiscal year. So we have much business in the House today. We will go past midnight again. But tomorrow there has been a family-friendly order that we will adjourn on or about 3 o'clock in the afternoon. I am telling you this to explain why there are not more members here. I have three regular members of the panel and Mr. Roemer who has a keen constituent interest in this tragedy and who is here as a guest. At least 10 other members, who are not regularly assigned to this subcommittee, have asked if they could sit on the panel with me and they will be coming in and out during the day. Mr. Skelton of Missouri has some other pressing business that is going to take him away periodically during the day. He will come and go, as all the members will. I am telling you this to assure you that the interest in this tragedy is intense in your Congress. As you can see by the news medias attention in the Rayburn hallway here, there is interest across the country. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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On April 14, 1994, on a clear morning over northern Iraq's no-fly zone, two U.S. Air Force F-15 jets encountered two U.S. Army Black Hawk helicopters on a routine mission. Within ten minutes, the F-15s misidentified the helicopters and shot them down with fire-and-forget missiles. For three years, aircraft had patrolled these skies with a near-perfect safety record. Although the Black Hawk's downing was one of the worst air-to-air friendly fire incidents involving U.S. aircraft in military history, the Air Force would officially conclude the pilots had made a reasonable mistake. One victim was ebullient twenty-five-old intelligence officer Laura Piper, in love with life and with being an Air Force lieutenant. Movingly written by her mother, A Chain of Events is the story of LauraÆs final flight and the Air ForceÆs mishandling of the subsequent investigation. It is a story of duty, patriotism, a motherÆs devotion to a daughterÆs memory, and her familyÆs disappointment in a beloved institution.
On Feb. 7, 1991, during Operation Desert Storm, a Bradley and an M113 were destroyed by 2 Hellfire missiles fired from an Apache helicopter. Two U.S. soldiers were killed, and 6 others were wounded in the incident. This report provides a detailed discussion of the incident, including related events and factors that contributed to it, and an analysis of the U.S. Army's investigation of the incident. It addresses: whether equipment failure caused the incident, the Apaches' performance, and whether the name of the Apache gunner was improperly released to the press.
CMH Publication 70-30. Edited by Frank N. Schubert and TheresaL. Kraus. Discusses the United States Army's role in the Persian Gulf War from August 1990 to February 1991. Shows the various strands that came together to produce the army of the 1990s and how that army in turn performed under fire and in the glare of world attention. Retains a sense of immediacy in its approach. Contains maps which were carefully researched and compiled as original documents in their own right. Includes an index.
On August 6, 2011, a U.S. Army CH-47D Chinook helicopter approached a landing zone in Afghanistan 40 miles southwest of Kabul. The helicopter, call sign Extortion 17, was on a mission to reinforce American and coalition special operations troops. It would never return. Insurgents fired at the Chinook, severed one of its rear rotor blades, and brought it crashing to the ground. All 38 onboard perished instantly in the single greatest moment of sacrifice for Americans in the war in Afghanistan. Those killed were some of the U.S.'s most highly trained and battle-honed commandos, including 15 men from the Gold Squadron of the Naval Special Warfare Development Group, known popularly as SEAL Team 6, which had raided a Pakistan compound and killed Osama bin Laden just three months earlier. The downing of Extortion 17 spurred a number of conspiracy theories, such as the idea that the shootdown was revenge for bin Laden's death. In The Final Mission of Extortion 17, Ed Darack debunks this theory and others and uncovers the truth behind this mysterious tragedy. His account of the brave pilots, crew, and passengers of Extortion 17 and the events of that fateful day is interwoven into a rich, complex narrative that also discusses modern joint combat operations, the history of the Afghan war to that date, U.S. helicopter use in Afghanistan, and the new and evolving military technologies and tactics being developed to mitigate such tragedies now and in the future. Amazon Best History Book of the Month - September 2017
First published in 2003. The NATO-led Operation Allied Force was fought in 1999 to stop Serb atrocities against ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. This war, as noted by the distinguished military historian John Keegan, "marked a real turning point . . . and proved that a war can be won by airpower alone." Colonels Haave and Haun have organized firsthand accounts of some of the people who provided that airpower-the members of the 40th Expeditionary Operations Group. Their descriptions-a new wingman's first combat sortie, a support officer's view of a fighter squadron relocation during combat, and a Sandy's leadership in finding and rescuing a downed F-117 pilot-provide the reader with a legitimate insight into an air war at the tactical level and the airpower that helped convince the Serbian president, Slobodan Milosevic, to capitulate.