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Different monitoring initiatives have been undertaken in Canada and the United States since the 1980s at national and regional scales. In the United States, starting in 1990, partners from federal and state agencies established the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) program with the goal of monitoring and evaluating the status, conditions, and trends in indicators of forest health. The FHM program has evolved into a system where FHM plots are integrated with the national Forest Inventory and Analysis program. In Canada, early attempts can be traced back to the 1980s with the Acid Rain Early Warning System. After its ending, Canadian forest monitoring was mostly carried out within the redesigned National Forest Inventory, Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network, and regional initiatives. One of them, implemented in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region of Alberta since 1997, is presented here.
The demand for comparable, long-term, high quality data on forest ecosystems' status and changes is increasing at the international and global level. Yet, sources for such data are limited and in many case it is not possible to compare data from different monitoring initiatives across space and time because of methodological differences. Apart from technical manuals, there is no comprehensive multidisciplinary, scientific, peer-reviewed reference for forest monitoring methods that can serve and support the user community. This book provides in a single reference the state-of-the-art of monitoring methods as applied at the international level. The book present scientific concepts and methods that form the basis of the transnational, long-term forest monitoring in Europe and looks at other initiatives at the global level. Standardized methods that have been developed over two decades in international forest monitoring projects are presented. Emphasis is put on trans-nationally harmonized methods, related data quality issues, current achievements and on remaining open questions. A comprehensive overview of needs, requirements, organization and possible outcomes of an integrated monitoring program Tested and quality assured, internationally harmonized methodologies based on a complete revision of existing methods carried out in 2009-2011 Connection with monitoring results allows assessment of the potential of the monitoring method