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Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) 3-22, “Foreign Internal Defense,” provides Air Force doctrine for foreign internal defense (FID) operations and supports basic Air Force doctrine. AFDD 3-22 provides the Air Force perspective on FID operations and discusses the broad, enduring beliefs about the best way to employ airpower in FID operations. Today, the United States finds itself embroiled in counterinsurgency operations with multiple manifestations and broad implications. The resurgence of radical Islam and its use of terrorism to subvert and overthrow established governments to reshape society in its own image is but one of these manifestations. Other manifestations include ultra-nationalist militants seeking political autonomy within existing states and the use of violence and illicit narcotics trafficking to subvert or overthrow legitimate governments. Since the 9/11 tragedy, our efforts to prosecute terrorism and insurgency have produced the realization that a successful conclusion lies many years in the future and that success will be impossible without the active participation of global partners. A strategy of enabling partner nations to defend themselves against these internal threats is clearly emerging from that realization. US initiatives to support this strategy fall within an operating area termed foreign internal defense (FID). In fact, the Global War on Terrorism is taking place largely in the FID arena. The strategic end game is a partner nation capable of successfully integrating military force with other instruments of national power to eradicate lawlessness, terrorism, subversion, and insurgency. Although Air Force forces can perform FID across the range of military operations, the main form of FID support consists of assessing, training, advising, and assisting foreign aviation forces. Doctrine stresses this indirect approach to capture those aspects of FID that apply worldwide and that extend beyond the present conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Increased emphasis in this area can multiply US influence globally without requiring a standing-force presence in a multitude of locations. We know that military forces in many lesser-developed nations cannot engage in joint and coalition operations without US Air Force FID assistance. While Air Force forces can apply airpower at virtually any level of intensity, our ability to prosecute an indirect approach is crucial to Air Force FID. Virtually all nations have laws prohibiting foreign combat operations within their sovereign territory. Accordingly, partner nation forces will, in most instances, have to take the tactical offensive supported by US Air Force training and advisory assistance. That form of assistance will most often be the instrument of both choice and necessity. Where US forces must fight as a coalition partner with foreign forces, the full weight of airpower can be brought to bear in appropriate ways, and will play a crucial role. This doctrine document is designed to help Air Force commanders select appropriate options and tailor their efforts to fit the conditions at hand.
Today, the United States finds itself embroiled in counterinsurgency operations with multiple manifestations and broad implications. The resurgence of radical Islam and its use of terrorism to subvert and overthrow established governments to reshape society in its own image is but one of these manifestations. Other manifestations include ultra-nationalist militants seeking political autonomy within existing states and the use of violence and illicit narcotics trafficking to subvert or overthrow legitimate governments.
This United States Air Force manual, Air Force Annex 3-22 Foreign Internal Defense February 2020, provides the doctrine for Foreign Internal Defense (FID). It should guide us to effectively organize and employ through the complexities of counterinsurgency and steady-state operations, and help us re-learn the lessons of large-scale peer and near-peer conflict and competition in contested environments. As we continuously improve our airpower capabilities and capacities in air, space, and cyberspace, our ability to revolutionize FID and incorporate new concepts and technologies will identify the new best practices that shape future FID doctrine. The competition continuum that encompasses the range of military operations, from peacetime through large-scale combat, is always a consideration when determining the best practices for our Air Force. Consideration of peer and near-peer competition is a continuing necessity for doctrine as the Air Force supports the joint fight. Every Airman is an innovator and is integral to this continuous development process-we should all connect, share, and learn together to succeed. FID in a contested environment against a peer adversary requires the air component to be more adaptive, resilient, and agile in its deployment and employment plans and leadership philosophies. FID is defined as participation by civilian agencies and military forces of a government or international organizations in any of the programs or activities undertaken by a host nation (HN) government to free and protect its society from subversion, lawlessness, insurgency, violent extremism, terrorism, and other threats to its security.
Air Force Doctrine Annex 3-22 Foreign Internal Defense 22 November 2016 This product is a synopsis of key points across the doctrine database. Its purpose is to provide senior leaders with a quick review of key doctrinal points across a wide range of material. It is not meant as a substitute for deeper familiarization with the referenced material. Staff members supporting senior leadership should be familiar with the greater context found in the referenced sources.
This Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) implements Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD) 10-13, Air and Space Doctrine. AFDD 3-1 Air Warfare establishes operational doctrine for air warfare. It provides initial guidance for conducting air operations as part of aerospace warfare. Specifically, this document contains beliefs and principles that guide the organization, command and control, employment, and support of air forces conducting wartime operations. It examines relationships among objectives, forces, environments, and actions that enhance the ability of air operations to contribute to achieving assigned objectives. It focuses on the sequencing of events and the application of forces and resources to ensure aerospace power makes useful contributions to military and national objectives. It examines the importance of command relationships, intelligence, space, logistics, and other factors to the planning and conduct of air warfare.
The mission of the United States Air Force is to fly, fight, and win in air, space, and cyberspace. A crucial part of achieving that mission involves obtaining and maintaining superiority in the air domain. That domain, defined for the first time in this publication, is the area, beginning at the Earth's surface, where the atmosphere has a major effect on the movement, maneuver, and employment of joint forces. Within that domain, forces exercise degrees of control or levels of influence, characterized as parity, superiority, or supremacy. The US has enjoyed at least air superiority in all conflicts since the Korean War. The US will probably retain that superiority in today's ongoing conflicts, but the prospect of near-peer competitors in the not-too-distant future raise the possibility of air parity - a condition in the air battle in which one force does not have air superiority over others - or even conceding superiority to the adversary if Air Force forces are not properly employed. Our possession of air superiority helps enable joint forces to dominate adversary operations in all domains and to achieve a wide range of cross-domain effects. Unless we can freely maneuver in the air while denying the enemy the ability to do the same, we do not have superiority. Therefore, this publication addresses how the commander of Air Force forces can best employ his assets within a joint force to achieve control in the air domain to enable the overall joint force effort. Counterair is more than just force protection or air and missile defense. It also includes offensive actions against an enemy's capabilities, allowing us to seize the initiative and force the adversary into a defensive posture. Furthermore, counterair is executed by more than just air assets. Counterair is a joint, multinational, and interagency team effort, comprising a combination of command and control systems, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems, aircraft and missile systems in air-to-air and air-to-ground roles, and surface-to-air defense weapons. The effect of air superiority is not normally an end unto itself. Air superiority provides enormous military advantages, allowing the joint force greater freedom of action to carry out its assigned missions (freedom to attack) while minimizing its vulnerability to enemy detection and attack (freedom from attack). The success of any major air, land, or maritime operation may depend on the degree of air superiority achieved. This Air Force doctrine document provides guidance for designing, planning, integrating, coordinating, executing, and assessing counterair operations. It provides operational doctrine to gain and maintain control of the air. As such, it focuses on how air forces can be organized and employed to successfully conduct counterair operations.
"This document is substantially revised and renumbered from 3 - 24 to 3 - 2. Its focus was shifted from a counterinsurgency-centric view to an overarching perspective of irregular warfare that encompasses the following key activities: stability operations, counterterrorism, counterinsurgency, foreign internal defense, and unconven tional warfare. Irregular Warfare (IW) history and strategic context from the Airman's perspective are presented in Chapter 1. A command and organization discussion, including responsibilities of the commander, Air Force forces and presentation of forces, is streamlined in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 encompasses strategy, planning, execution, and assessment considerations. This publication also includes a new appendix that clarifies the relationship between IW and traditional warfare in the context of phases of war."--Summary of changes.