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The purpose of this manual is to provide recovery system engineers in government and industry with tools to evaluate, analyze, select, and design parachute recovery systems. These systems range from simple, one-parachute assemblies to multiple-parachute systems, and may include equipment for impact attenuation, flotation, location, retrieval, and disposition. All system aspects are discussed, including the need for parachute recovery, the selection of the most suitable recovery system concept, concept analysis, parachute performance, force and stress analysis, material selection, parachute assembly and component design, and manufacturing. Experienced recovery system engineers will find this publication useful as a technical reference book; recent college graduates will find it useful as a textbook for learning about parachutes and parachute recovery systems; and technicians with extensive practical experience will find it useful as an engineering textbook that includes a chapter on parachute- related aerodynamics. In this manual, emphasis is placed on aiding government employees in evaluating and supervising the design and application of parachute systems. The parachute recovery system uses aerodynamic drag to decelerate people and equipment moving in air from a higher velocity to a lower velocity and to a safe landing. This lower velocity is known as rate of descent, landing velocity, or impact velocity, and is determined by the following requirements: (1) landing personnel uninjured and ready for action, (2) landing equipment and air vehicles undamaged and ready for use or refurbishment, and (3) impacting ordnance at a preselected angle and velocity.
Ten flight tests of modified-ringsail, disk-gap-band, and cross parachute configurations with deployment at Mach numbers and dynamic pressures corresponding to conditions expected during entry into a Martian atmosphere have been completed. Comparison of flight results indicates that theoretical snatch force values were never exceeded when the deployment techniques of these tests were used. Opening loads showed no definite trend with Mach number. Values for filling times compared favorably with generally accepted empirical curves based on 15-percent geometric porosity. Canopy stability was good when Mach numbers were below 1.4 for the modified-ringsail and disk-gap-band configurations.
Exploratory wind-tunnel tests of the disk-gap-band and modified ringsail parachute configurations have been conducted at dynamic pressures between 0.24 and 7.07 lb/ft2 (11 and 339 N/m2). Both parachutes exhibited positive inflation characteristics over the range of the tests within technique limitations. The disk-gap-band configuration required less time and distance to inflate than the modified ringsail configuration did.
A mission to send humans to explore the surface of Mars has been the ultimate goal of planetary exploration since the 1950s, when von Braun conjectured a flotilla of 10 interplanetary vessels carrying a crew of at least 70 humans. Since then, more than 1,000 studies were carried out on human missions to Mars, but after 60 years of study, we remain in the early planning stages. The second edition of this book now includes an annotated history of Mars mission studies, with quantitative data wherever possible. Retained from the first edition, Donald Rapp looks at human missions to Mars from an engineering perspective. He divides the mission into a number of stages: Earth’s surface to low-Earth orbit (LEO); departing from LEO toward Mars; Mars orbit insertion and entry, descent and landing; ascent from Mars; trans-Earth injection from Mars orbit and Earth return. For each segment, he analyzes requirements for candidate technologies. In this connection, he discusses the status and potential of a wide range of elements critical to a human Mars mission, including life support consumables, radiation effects and shielding, microgravity effects, abort options and mission safety, possible habitats on the Martian surface and aero-assisted orbit entry decent and landing. For any human mission to the Red Planet the possible utilization of any resources indigenous to Mars would be of great value and such possibilities, the use of indigenous resources is discussed at length. He also discusses the relationship of lunar exploratio n to Mars exploration. Detailed appendices describe the availability of solar energy on the Moon and Mars, and the potential for utilizing indigenous water on Mars. The second edition provides extensive updating and additions to the first edition, including many new figures and tables, and more than 70 new references, as of 2015.
This book collects state-of-the-art research and technology for design, analysis, construction and maintenance of textile and inflatable structures. Textile composites and inflatable structures have become increasingly popular for a variety of applications in OCo among many other fieldsaOCo civil engineering, architecture and aerospace engineering. Typical examples include membrane roofs and covers, sails, inflatable buildings and pavilions, airships, inflatable furniture, airspace structures etc. The book contains 18 invited contributions written by distinguished authors who participated in the International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflated Structures held in Barcelona from June 30th to July 2nd, 2003. The meeting was one of the Thematic Conferences of the European Community on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences (ECCOMAS). The different chapters discuss recent progress and future research directions in membrane and inflatable structures built with new textile composite materials. Approximately half of the book focuses on describing innovative numerical methods for structural analysis of such structures, such as new nonlinear membrane and shell finite elements. The rest of the chapters present advances in design, construction and maintenance procedures."