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The Equal Pay Act established a basic labor standard requiring employers to pay women and men the same wages when performing jobs that are equal, or substantially equal, in content. It was the first national labor standard to address a widespread practice of paying women less simply because they were women, and it laid the foundation for future workforce policies. Other important legislation and policies soon followed, which helped broaden employment opportunities for women and strengthened their ability to challenge unlawful discrimination.
The Equal Pay Act 1972 was passed as a piece of social law reform intended to eradicate discrimination in wages between men and women. For over forty years since the passing of the Act, there has been little progress on the implementation of pay equity in New Zealand and it continues to be an important legal battleground for the achievement of gender equality in employment. The successes and failures of achieving law reform around pay equity in New Zealand indicate that the institutions responsible for the instigation and implementation of such reform are each influenced by broader socio-economic and political climates. The Equal Pay Act 1972 has long been understood to be limited to assessments of equal pay for the same work, despite apparent provision for assessments of equal pay for work of equal value in the Act. Through the use of a purposive approach, recent judicial treatment of the Equal Pay Act 1972 by the Court of Appeal has departed from previous understandings of the Act by finding it extends to assessments of equal pay for work of equal value. This paper considers how this interpretation has generated a renewed effort on the part of the Government for reform around pay equity in light of the history of the Act. It argues that in moving forward, the choice between mechanisms of law reform is not clear cut. Both strong legislation and a responsive judiciary are required to work in tandem to achieve a social goal such as pay equity.
In 1971 Sue Kedgley and a group of other young feminists carried a coffin into Auckland's Albert Park to protest against decades of stagnant advancement for New Zealand women since they won the right to vote in 1893. From that day, she became synonymous with Second Wave feminism in this country, most notably organising a tour by Germaine Greer that ended in an arrest and court appearance.In this direct, energetic and focused autobiography, Kedgley tracks the development of feminism over the last five decades and its intersection with her life, describing how she went from debutante to stroppy activist, journalist, safe-food activist and Green politician.Her rich and rewarding life has included encounters with Betty Friedan, Yoko Ono, Kofi Annan, Sonja Davies and the Dalai Lama, and she has never abandoned her feminist convictions. She regrets that there is still a culture of male entitlement, sexism and double standards, and that women are still victims of violence. Even so, she argues, feminism has achieved an extraordinary amount. Fifty years ago women were a sort of underclass. Now they have entered almost every sphere of national life, even if many pay a high price for their hard-won success.Thanks to the movement, she says, after centuries of subjugation, women are finally coming into their own. It is, she says, their time now, and their turn.
"The United States Code is the official codification of the general and permanent laws of the United States of America. The Code was first published in 1926, and a new edition of the code has been published every six years since 1934. The 2012 edition of the Code incorporates laws enacted through the One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, the last of which was signed by the President on January 15, 2013. It does not include laws of the One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, enacted between January 2, 2013, the date it convened, and January 15, 2013. By statutory authority this edition may be cited "U.S.C. 2012 ed." As adopted in 1926, the Code established prima facie the general and permanent laws of the United States. The underlying statutes reprinted in the Code remained in effect and controlled over the Code in case of any discrepancy. In 1947, Congress began enacting individual titles of the Code into positive law. When a title is enacted into positive law, the underlying statutes are repealed and the title then becomes legal evidence of the law. Currently, 26 of the 51 titles in the Code have been so enacted. These are identified in the table of titles near the beginning of each volume. The Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives continues to prepare legislation pursuant to 2 U.S.C. 285b to enact the remainder of the Code, on a title-by-title basis, into positive law. The 2012 edition of the Code was prepared and published under the supervision of Ralph V. Seep, Law Revision Counsel. Grateful acknowledgment is made of the contributions by all who helped in this work, particularly the staffs of the Office of the Law Revision Counsel and the Government Printing Office"--Preface.